Table 1.
Maternal and neonatal characteristics among enrolled infants1/
| Characteristic2/ | Bhubaneswar (N=384) | Rourkela (N=458) | Overall (N=842) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Place of residence** | |||
| Village | 334 (87%) | 92 (20%) | 426 (51%) |
| Tribal village | 0 | 366 (80%) | 366 (43%) |
| Slum | 50 (13%) | 0 | 50 (6%) |
|
| |||
| Age (years) | |||
| Median (p25–p75) | 25 (22–27) | 25 (22–28) | 25 (22–28) |
|
| |||
| Education—mother** | |||
| No formal schooling | 107/374 (29%) | 238/413 (58%) | 345/787 (44%) |
| Less than high school | 174/374 (47%) | 121/413 (29%) | 295/787 (37%) |
| High school completed3/ | 56/374 (15%) | 45/413 (11%) | 101/787 (13%) |
| Beyond high school | 37/374 (10%) | 9/413 (2%) | 46/787 (6%) |
|
| |||
| Education—father** | |||
| No formal schooling | 61/367 (17%) | 146/418 (35%) | 207/785 (26%) |
| Less than high school | 165/367 (45%) | 171/418 (41%) | 336/785 (43%) |
| High school completed3/ | 80/367 (22%) | 81/418 (19%) | 161/785 (21%) |
| Beyond high school | 61/367 (17%) | 20/418 (5%) | 81/785 (10%) |
|
| |||
| Occupation—mother4/ ** | |||
| None/housewife | 350 (91%) | 441/456 (97%) | 791/840 (94%) |
| Professional/executive | 2 (<1%) | 7/456 (2%) | 9/840 (1%) |
| Business | 1 (<1%) | 0 | 1/840 (<1%) |
| Retail trader | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Vocational work | 7 (2%) | 0 | 7/840 (1%) |
| Technical work | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Clerk/vendor | 1 (<1%) | 1/456 (<1%) | 2/840 (<1%) |
| Peon | 1 (<1%) | 1/456 (<1%) | 2/840 (<1%) |
| Manual labor | 15 (4%) | 5/456 (1%) | 20/840 (2%) |
| Farm labor | 7 (2%) | 1/456 (<1%) | 8/840 (1%) |
|
| |||
| Occupation—father4/ ** | |||
| None | 1/383 (<1%) | 3/453 (1%) | 4/836 (<1%) |
| Professional/executive | 11/383 (3%) | 7/453 (2%) | 18/836 (2%) |
| Business | 61/383 (16%) | 5/453 (1%) | 66/836 (8%) |
| Retail trader | 5/383 (1%) | 4/453 (1%) | 9/836 (1%) |
| Vocational work | 73/383 (19%) | 34/453 (8%) | 107/836 (13%) |
| Technical work | 35/383 (9%) | 19/453 (4%) | 54/836 (6%) |
| Clerk/vendor | 11/383 (3%) | 3/453 (1%) | 14/836 (2%) |
| Peon | 2/383 (<1%) | 0 | 2/836 (<1%) |
| Manual labor | 117/383 (31%) | 192/453 (42%) | 309/836 (37%) |
| Farm labor | 67/383 (17%) | 186/453 (41%) | 253/835 (30%) |
|
| |||
| Place of delivery** | |||
| Home | 167 (43%) | 379 (83%) | 546 (65%) |
| Study hospital | 95 (25%) | 8 (2%) | 103 (12%) |
| Non-study hospital | 122 (32%) | 71 (15%) | 193 (23%) |
|
| |||
| Interval between rupture of membranes and delivery** | |||
| <12 hrs | 268/372 (72%) | 405/443 (91%) | 673/815 (83%) |
| 12–24 hrs | 77/372 (21%) | 25/443 (6%) | 102/815 (12%) |
| >24 hrs | 27/372 (7%) | 13/443 (3%) | 40/815 (5%) |
|
| |||
| C-section delivery† | 17 (4%) | 9 (2%) | 26 (3%) |
|
| |||
| Preterm | 51/383 (13%) | 82 (18%) | 133/841 (16%) |
|
| |||
| Male† | 238 (62%) | 244 (53%) | 482 (57%) |
|
| |||
| Breastfeeding initiated* | |||
| 0–24 hrs | 277/382 (73%) | 313/387 (81%) | 590/769 (77%) |
| >24 hrs | 95/382 (25%) | 73/387 (19%) | 168/769 (22%) |
| Never | 10/382 (3%) | 1/387 (<1%) | 11/769 (1%) |
|
| |||
| Infant age at enrollment (days) | |||
| 0–3 | 14 (4%) | 24 (5%) | 38 (5%) |
| 4–7 | 41 (11%) | 62 (14%) | 103 (12%) |
| 8–28 | 170 (44%) | 206 (45%) | 376 (45%) |
| 29–60 | 159 (41%) | 166 (36%) | 325 (39%) |
|
| |||
| Admission weight (grams) | |||
| Median (p25–p75) | 2797 (2250–3495) | 2930 (2400–3440) | 2890 (2340–3455) |
| By category* | |||
| < 1250 | 14 (4%) | 10 (2%) | 24 (3%) |
| 1250–1499 | 19 (5%) | 5 (1%) | 24 (3%) |
| 1500–1999 | 35 (9%) | 25 (5%) | 60 (7%) |
| 2000–2499 | 73 (19%) | 91 (20%) | 164 (19%) |
| ≥ 2500 | 243 (63%) | 327 (71%) | 570 (68%) |
n (% of column N) shown unless otherwise noted. Denominator Ns are shown when they differ from total Ns.
Information is missing for mother’s age: 2, mother’s education: 55, father’s education: 57, mother’s occupation: 2, father’s occupation: 6, timing of rupture of membranes: 27, preterm: 1, time breastfeeding initiated: 73.
Schooling completed through 10 years.
Occupation codes were derived from databases in use in some Indian hospitals with definitions as follows: professional—lawyer, physician, nurse, teacher, etc.; executive—businessperson in a leadership role; business—businessperson in a non-leadership role; retail trader—shopkeeper businessman; vocational work—security guard, hatcheck personnel, telephone operator, artisan, assembly line personnel, etc.; technical work—computer-related jobs, electrician, plumber, etc.; clerk—secretary, data entry personnel, etc.; vendor—sales representative, grocery personnel, etc.; peon—individuals working at very low-level repetitive tasks such as messengers, sweepers, houseboys, etc.; manual labor—hard labor such as roadwork, lifting, construction, etc.; farm labor—includes all agricultural workers.
p ≤ 0.001,
p ≤ 0.01,
p ≤ 0.05 for a difference in the proportions by site, by chi-square, Fisher’s exact, or Wilcoxon test.