Fig. 9.

Passive lipid flip-flop as determined from solution NMR in isotopically asymmetric DPPC aLUVs. The schematic in (a) illustrates the main results: flip-flop half-times of days in the fluid phase and practically no flip-flop in the gel phase. b The specific heat capacity of the aLUVs as determined by calorimetry, indicating three main regimes for which flip-flop rates were determined (c). In regime I (gel), no flip-flop was detected within 250 h, increased flip-flop close to the phase transition (regime II) and a monotonous temperature dependent increase of flip-flop in fluid phase (regime III). Figure adapted from Marquardt et al. (2017)