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. 2017 Aug 31;7:10248. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10589-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Simulation results, 260 fs after the main laser peak interacted with the target front surface: (a) Proton energy spectra of different simulated hydrogen target geometries (of target width w and thickness t, if applicable), averaged within an emission angle of ±4.5° from the 0° axis. (b) Phase space images along the laser axis for the cylindrical jet with diameter d = 5 μm and the planar jet with dimensions 20 μm × 2 μm, with an initial target center position at y = 15 μm, indicated by a dashed line. Features leading to the highest proton energies are identified as typical TNSA from the front and the rear surface of the target. Some protons from the target front are accelerated through the target in laser forward direction.