Table 3.
Primary and secondary study outcomes.
| Outcome | Telemonitoring group (TG) (n = 45) | Reduction from baseline | Usual care group (UC) (n = 40) | Reduction from baseline | p-value | Difference change from baseline | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | TG | UC | Mean (SD) | ||
| Serum fructosamine (µmol/L) | ||||||||
| End of Ramadan | 333.28 (74.90) | −0.78 (57.41) | 336.92 (82.73) | 2.10 (30.89) | 0.93 | 0.65 | −2.88 (70.68) | 0.78 |
| Serum HbA1c (%) | ||||||||
| End of Study | 7.62 (1.61) | −1.06 (1.66) | 8.55 (1.86) | −0.22 (1.48) | <0.01 | 0.33 | −0.84 (1.82) | <0.01 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | ||||||||
| End of Ramadan | 9.72 (3.00) | 0.27 (2.64) | 8.96 (3.87) | 0.25 (2.80) | 0.62 | 0.89 | 0.02 (3.98) | 0.97 |
| End of Study | 9.69 (3.56) | −0.01 (3.57) | 8.75 (3.83) | 0.06 (3.42) | 0.93 | 0.69 | −0.07 (3.96) | 0.97 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| End of Ramadan | 4.46 (1.07) | −0.31 (0.81) | 4.90 (0.97) | 0.03 (0.48) | <0.01 | 0.35 | −0.34 (0.94) | 0.02 |
| End of Study | 4.19 (1.30) | −0.60 (1.17) | 5.00 (0.98) | 0.12 (1.07) | 0.04 | 0.69 | −0.72 (1.73) | 0.01 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| End of Ramadan | 1.78 (0.82) | −0.22 (0.44) | 2.11 (1.66) | 0.04 (0.54) | 0.08 | 0.95 | −0.26 (0.84) | 0.05 |
| End of Study | 1.84 (0.87) | −0.15 (0.66) | 2.07 (1.57) | −0.01 (0.72) | 0.41 | 0.69 | −0.14 (0.91) | 0.29 |
| High density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| End of Ramadan | 1.53 (0.56) | 0.22 (0.47) | 1.17 (0.34) | 0.01 (0.09) | 0.11 | <0.01 | 0.21 (0.48) | <0.01 |
| End of Study | 1.44 (0.51) | 0.12 (0.59) | 1.27 (0.41) | 0.10 (0.28) | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.02 (0.63) | 0.84 |
| Low density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| End of Ramadan | 2.94 (0.96) | 0.45 (0.70) | 2.89 (0.98) | 0.08 (0.62) | 0.03 | 0.39 | 0.37 (0.69) | <0.01 |
| End of Study | 2.78 (1.01) | 0.25 (0.91) | 2.90 (0.83) | 0.09 (0.98) | 0.08 | 0.49 | 0.16 (1.30) | 0.42 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||
| End of Ramadan | 133.57 (10.08) | 1.09 (23.07) | 129.05 (22.16) | −3.95 (24.96) | 0.11 | 0.74 | 5.04 (34.98) | 0.33 |
| End of Study | 136.88 (9.05) | 4.40 (22.63) | 132.40 (22.47) | −0.97 (24.73) | 0.23 | 0.32 | 5.37 (34.10) | 0.29 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||
| End of Ramadan | 78.77 (1.27) | −6.80 (15.75) | 76.72 (22.16) | −6.62 (9.13) | <0.01 | <0.01 | −0.18 (17.76) | 0.94 |
| End of Study | 79.40 (1.49) | −6.20 (15.78) | 77.22 (22.47) | −6.17 (9.07) | 0.74 | 0.67 | −0.02 (17.93) | 0.99 |
| Weight (kg) | ||||||||
| End of Ramadan | 71.38 (13.27) | −0.28 (1.06) | 77.02 (13.44) | −0.10 (0.87) | 0.07 | 0.42 | −0.18 (1.53) | 0.43 |
| End of Study | 72.21 (13.13) | 0.82 (0.54) | 77.66 (13.40) | 0.56 (0.76) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.26 (0.91) | 0.06 |
| BMI (kg/m 2) | ||||||||
| End of Ramadan | 29.08 (5.96) | −0.11 (0.42) | 30.23 (5.14) | −0.04 (0.34) | 0.07 | 0.40 | −0.07 (0.60) | 0.42 |
| End of Study | 29.42 (5.92) | 0.33 (0.22) | 30.49 (5.11) | 0.22 (0.30) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.11 (0.37) | 0.05 |
| EQ-5D | ||||||||
| End of Study | 0.87 (0.11) | 0.002 (0.04) | 0.81 (0.26) | −0.03 (0.10) | 0.78 | 0.61 | 0.03 (0.10) | 0.06 |
| Diabetes knowledge test17–19* | ||||||||
| End of Study | 68.41 (14.95) | 29.82 (20.19) | 64.11 (16.05) | 27.14 (19.15) | 0.12 | 0.84 | 2.68 (25.30) | 0.50 |
| Diabetes Distress Scale (PAID) | ||||||||
| End of Study | 1.66 (0.69) | −0.40 (0.84) | 1.51 (0.67) | −0.40 (0.95) | 0.53 | 0.57 | 0.00 (1.33) | 1.00 |
| Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale | ||||||||
| End of Study | 4.55 (2.42) | 0.40 (3.82) | 4.2 (2.35) | 0.22 (3.86) | 0.54 | 0.71 | 0.18 (6.01) | 0.855 |
*Score range (0–100). Higher score indicates better diabetes knowledge.
BMI; Body Mass Index; PAID, Problem in Diabetes Survey.