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. 2017 Aug 31;7:10163. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10824-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Butyrate enhances TCDD-induced gene expression YAMC and Caco-2 cells. Cells were treated with DMSO, TCDD and TCDD plus 5 mM butyrate, and effects on Cyp1a1/CYP1A1 (A), Cyp1b1/CYP1B1 (B), Ahrr/AhRR (C) and Tiparp/TiPARP (D) mRNA levels were determined by real time PCR. (E) Cells were treated with DMSO, TCDD, butyrate and their combination for 24 hr, and whole cell lysates were analyzed by western blots. (F) Cells were treated with DMSO, butyrate, TCDD and TCDD plus butyrate and also in combination with CH223191, and Cyp1a1/CYP1A1 mRNA levels were determined by real time PCR. (G) Cells were treated with DMSO, 5 mM butyrate, different concentrations of TCDD alone and TCDD plus butyrate, and Cyp1a1/CYP1A1 mRNA levels were determined by real time PCR. With the exception of AhRR in Caco-2 cells, TCDD significantly induced all other Ah-responsive genes, and significant (p < 0.05) enhancement by butyrate is indicated (*). Results are expressed as means ± SE for at least 3 separate determinations for each treatment group. Significant (p < 0.05) inhibition by CH223191 is indicated (**).