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. 2017 Aug 31;7:10163. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10824-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Butyrate enhances AhR ligand-induced gene expression in YAMC and Caco-2 cells. Cells were treated with DMSO, different AhR ligands alone or in combination with 5 mM butyrate and effects on expression of AhR (A), Cyp1a1/CYP1A1 (B), Cyp1b1/CYP1B1 (C), Ahrr/AhRR (D) and Tiparp/TiPARP (E) mRNA levels were determined by real time PCR. With the exception of AhRR mRNA, AhR ligands significantly induced all other Ah-responsive genes, and significant (p < 0.05) enhancement by butyrate is indicated (*). Results are expressed as means ± SE for at least 3 separate determinations for each treatment group.