Table 2.

Group differences between mothers maltreated in childhood v. non-maltreated mothers

	Maternal child maltreatment		Group effecta
	NO (n = 6861)	Yes (n = 2536)	χ2(1)	z
Maternal factors
Post 16 years education, %	61.3	58.7	5.2*
Single, %	47.1	49.1	2.3
Psychiatric history, %	6.2	19.1	341.7**
Antenatal depression, %	14.6	29.4	260.4**
Antenatal drinking, mean (s.d.)	0.7 (0.8)	0.8 (0.8)		3.1**
Antenatal smoking, mean (s.d.)	1.6(4.4)	2.6 (5.5)		10.8**
Postnatal depression, %	9.7	22.0	244.9**
Maladaptive parenting, mean (s.d.)	1.1 (1.0)	1.2 (1.0)		5.4**
Social support, mean (s.d.)	21.6 (4.7)	19.2 (5.5)		−17.7**
Child factors
Child maltreatment, %	35.2	49.3	155.1**
DSM-IV depression symptoms at 10 years, mean (s.d.)	0.2 (0.9)	0.4(1.2)		6.0**
DSM-IV DBD symptoms at 10 years, mean (s.d.)	5.1 (7.7)	7.2 (10.0)		8.6**
SDQ emotional problems, 11 years, mean (s.d.)	1.3 (1.6)	1.7 (1.8)		7.1**
SDQ peer problems at 11 years, mean (s.d.)	0.9(1.4)	1.3 (1.7)		6.4**
SDQ conduct problems at 11 years, mean (s.d.)	1.1 (1.3)	1.3 (1.5)		6.0**
SDQ hyperactivity problems at 11 years, mean (s.d.)	2.6 (2.1)	3.0 (2.3)		4.7**
DSM-IV depression symptoms at 13 years, mean (s.d.)	0.2 (0.9)	0.4(1.3)		4.8**
DSM-IV dbd symptoms at 13 years, mean (s.d.)	4.7 (7.6)	6.2 (9.2)		6.1**
Gender, % female	49.0	47.3	2.1

DBD, disruptive behaviour disorder; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.

^a.Group effects are based upon Pearson's χ² test for independence for associations with two dichotomous variables and the Mann–Whitney test for associations with a dichotomous and continuous variable that did not permit parametric analyses.

^*P<0.05,

^**P<0.01.