Table 3.

Specific indirect effects of maternal child maltreatment on child internalising and externalising difficulties via maternal antenatal depression, postnatal depression, maladaptive parenting and child maltreatment^a

	internalising difficulties		Externalising difficulties
	β	95% CI	β	95% CI
Antenatal depression	0.013	0.009 to 0.017b	0.009	0.005 to 0.012b
Postnatal depression	0.004	0.001 to 0.007b	0.002	0.001 to 0.004b
Maladaptive parenting	0.002	−0.002 to 0.007	0.003	−0.002 to 0.008
Child maltreatment	0.014	0.008 to 0.020b	0.012	0.009 to 0.016b
Antenatal depression via postnatal depression	0.006	0.003 to 0.009b	0.001	0.001 to 0.006b
Antenatal depression via maladaptive parenting	0.000	0.000 to 0.001	0.001	0.000 to 0.001
Antenatal depression via child maltreatment	0.001	0.0001 to 0.001b	0.001	0.0001 to 0.001b
Postnatal depression via maladaptive parenting	0.001	0.0001 to 0.002b	0.001	0.001 to 0.002b
Postnatal depression via child maltreatment	0.001	0.0001 to 0.001b	0.001	0.0001 to 0.001b
Antenatal depression via postnatal depression via maladaptive parenting	0.002	0.001 to 0.002b	0.002	0.001 to 0.003b
Antenatal depression via postnatal depression via child maltreatment	0.001	0.0001 to 0.001b	0.001	0.0001 to 0.001b

^a.Presented estimates are beta coefficients.

^b.Signifcant indirect effect (i.e. the 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals do not cross zero).