Fig. 11.

Preoperative x-rays of the left forearm of an 9-year-old with a complex forearm deformity due to focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia of the ulna leading to secondary deformity of both forearms and consequent dislocation of the radial. The surgical strategy comprises simultaneous correction of the radial and ulna deformities, gradual lengthening of the the ulna and indirect reduction of the radial head at the elbow level using three dedicated rings at the forearm and one additional transmetakarpal ring on the hand. PA and lateral preoperative x-rays; case provided by Durai Nayagam, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, UK