Table 4.
Associations between the Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (DHD15-index), and all-cause mortality among 35 031 European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition – Dutch cohort (EPIC-NL) participants* (Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals; medians, mean values and standard deviations)
| HDI | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category 1 | Category 2 | Category 3 | Continuous per sd | ||||||
| All-cause mortality | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | P for trend | HR | 95 % CI |
| Men | |||||||||
| No. of deaths | 292 | 307 | 292 | ||||||
| No. of participants | 2369 | 3092 | 3723 | ||||||
| Person-years | |||||||||
| Median | 19·2 | 19·3 | 19·3 | ||||||
| sd | 3·6 | 3·7 | 3·4 | ||||||
| Index score | |||||||||
| Mean | 1·8 | 3·0 | 4·4 | 3·3 | |||||
| sd | 0·5 | 0·0 | 0·6 | 1·2 | |||||
| Mortality risk | 1 | Ref. | 0·90 | 0·77, 1·06 | 0·82 | 0·70, 0·97 | 0·021 | 0·90 | 0·84, 0·97 |
| Women | |||||||||
| No. of deaths | 875 | 1057 | 1022 | ||||||
| No. of participants | 6409 | 9258 | 10 180 | ||||||
| Person-years | |||||||||
| Median | 19·2 | 19·2 | 19·1 | ||||||
| sd | 3·5 | 3·1 | 3·2 | ||||||
| Index score | |||||||||
| Mean | 1·9 | 3·0 | 4·5 | 3·3 | |||||
| sd | 0·4 | 0·0 | 0·6 | 1·3 | |||||
| Mortality risk | 1 | 0·89 | 0·82, 0·98 | 0·83 | 0·76, 0·91 | 0·0001 | 0·93 | 0·90, 0·97 | |
| DASH score | |||||||||
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P for trend | Continuous per sd | |||||
| Men | |||||||||
| No. of deaths | 338 | 294 | 259 | ||||||
| No. of participants | 3559 | 2,796 | 2829 | ||||||
| Person-years | |||||||||
| Median | 19·3 | 19·2 | 19·2 | ||||||
| sd | 3·6 | 3·6 | 3·5 | ||||||
| Index score | |||||||||
| Mean | 19·2 | 24·5 | 29·6 | 24·0 | |||||
| sd | 2·5 | 1·1 | 2·4 | 4·8 | |||||
| Mortality risk | 1 | 1·04 | 0·89, 1·22 | 0·87 | 0·74, 1·04 | 0·15 | 0·92 | 0·86, 0·99 | |
| Women | |||||||||
| No. of deaths | 980 | 900 | 1074 | ||||||
| No. of participants | 9786 | 7863 | 8198 | ||||||
| Person-years | |||||||||
| Median | 19·2 | 19·2 | 19·1 | ||||||
| sd | 3·2 | 3·2 | 3·2 | ||||||
| Index score | |||||||||
| Mean | 19·0 | 24·5 | 29·5 | 24·0 | |||||
| sd | 2·6 | 1·1 | 2·3 | 4·9 | |||||
| Mortality risk | 1 | 0·94 | 0·85, 1·03 | 0·94 | 0·86, 1·03 | 0·18 | 0·96 | 0·92, 0·99 | |
| DHD15-index | |||||||||
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P for trend | Continuous per sd | |||||
| Men | |||||||||
| No. of deaths | 293 | 329 | 269 | ||||||
| No. of participants | 3058 | 3067 | 3059 | ||||||
| Person-years | |||||||||
| Median | 19·3 | 19·3 | 19·2 | ||||||
| sd | 3·5 | 3·6 | 3·6 | ||||||
| Index score | |||||||||
| Mean | 49·8 | 66·9 | 85·6 | 67·4 | |||||
| sd | 7·7 | 4·1 | 9·0 | 16·3 | |||||
| Mortality risk | 1 | 1·04 | 0·88, 1·21 | 0·84 | 0·69, 0·98 | 0·04 | 0·88 | 0·82, 0·95 | |
| Women | |||||||||
| No. of deaths | 1000 | 964 | 990 | ||||||
| No. of participants | 8608 | 8631 | 8608 | ||||||
| Person-years | |||||||||
| Median | 19·2 | 19·2 | 19·1 | ||||||
| sd | 3·2 | 3·2 | 3·2 | ||||||
| Index score | |||||||||
| Mean | 63·6 | 80·3 | 96·1 | 80·0 | |||||
| sd | 8·1 | 3·7 | 7·3 | 14·9 | |||||
| Mortality risk | 1 | 0·86 | 0·78, 0·93 | 0·85 | 0·78, 0·94 | 0·001 | 0·92 | 0·88, 0·96 | |
Ref., referent values.
Model is pooled for cohort (EPIC-Prospect or EPIC-MORGEN).
*
Mortality risk: adjusted for age at baseline, BMI, educational level, smoking status, total daily energy intake and physical activity level. In addition, the HDI and DASH models are adjusted for alcohol intake.