Table 1.
Electrochemical sensors based on electrodes prepared from templated ordered porous carbon materials (unmodified).
| Analyte a | Type of Porous Materials b | Electrode Configuration c | Detection Method | Analytical Performance | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Procedure d | Technique e | Concentration Range | Det. Limit | |||||
| Ascorbic acid Dopamine Uric acid |
CMK-1 (KIT-6/PF resin) | GCE/(OMC + Nafion) film | Direct det./EC | DPV | 4 × 10−5–8 × 10−4 M 1 × 10−6–9 × 10−5 M 5 × 10−6–8 × 10−5 M |
2 × 10−5 M 5 × 10−7 M 4 × 10−5 M |
[53] | |
| Ascorbic acid Dopamine Uric acid |
Mesoporous carbon nanofiber | PGE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | DPV | 1 × 10−4–1 × 10−2 M 5 × 10−8–3 × 10−5 M 5 × 10−7–1.2 × 10−4 M |
5 × 10−5 M 2 × 10−8 M 2 × 10−7 M |
[54] | |
| Ascorbic acid Dopamine Uric acid |
Mesoporous carbon nanofiber | GCE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | A | 2 × 10−8–2.25 × 10−3 M 1 × 10−7–7.85 × 10−4 M 2 × 10−8–5.25 × 10−5 M |
1.6 × 10−8 M 1.6 × 10−8 M 1.3 × 10−8 M |
[55] | |
| Ascorbic acid Dopamine Uric acid |
CMK-3 (SBA-15/Furfuryl alcohol) | GCE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | DPV | 8 × 10−5–1.4 × 10−3 M 4 × 10−7–6 × 10−5 M 1 × 10−5–7 × 10−5 M |
1.4 × 10−5 M 2.8 × 10−7 M 1.6 × 10−6 M |
[56] | |
| Bisphenol A | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | IL-CPE + OMC | Acc. (3 min)—det. | LSV | 2 × 10−7–1.5 × 10−4 M | 5 × 10−8 M | [57] | |
| Calcium dobesilate | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | PGE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | CV | 1 × 10−7–1.3 × 10−3 M | 4.0 × 10−8 M | [58] | |
| Capsaicin | Mesoporous cellular foam | CPE + OMC | Acc. (1 min)—det. | DPV | 7.6 × 10−7–1.16 × 10−5 M | 8 × 10−8 M | [59] | |
| Carbendazim | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | IL-CPE + OMC | Acc. (3 min)—det. | DPV | 1.25–800 µg/L | 0.5 µg/L | [60] | |
| Carvedilol | CMK-1 (MCM-48/sucrose) | GCE/OMC film | Direct det. | DPV | 1 × 10−7–2.3 × 10−5 M | 3.4 × 10−8 M | [61] | |
| Catechol Hydroquinone |
CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/(OMC + Nafion) film | Acc. (4 min)—det. | LSV | 5 × 10−7–3.5 × 10−5 M 1 × 10−6–3 × 10−5 M |
1 × 10−7 M 1 × 10−7 M |
[62] | |
| Catechol Hydroquinone |
Mesoporous carbon (SBA-15/BMIMPF6) |
GCE/(OMC + IL) film | Direct det. | DPV | 1 × 10−7–5 × 10−5 M 1 × 10−7–5 × 10−5 M |
6 × 10−8 M 5 × 10−8 M |
[63] | |
| Chloramphenicol | CMK-1 (KIT-6/PF resin) | GCE/OMC/Nafion film | Acc. (4 min)—det. | LSV | 5.0 × 10−7–6.0 × 10−5 M | 8.5 × 10−9 M | [64] | |
| Chlorogenic acid | DMC (nanosilica/sucrose) | IL-CPE + OMC | Acc. (2 min)—det. | SWV | 2 × 10−8–2.5 × 10−6 M | 1 × 10−8 M | [65] | |
| CdII PbII |
Mesoporous graphene framework | GCE/(MGF + Nafion) film | Acc. (6 min at −1.2 V)—det. | DPASV | 2–70 µg/L 0.5–110 µg/L |
0.5 µg/L 0.1 µg/L |
[66] | |
| CuII PbII |
CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/(OMC + PANI) film | Acc. (2.5 min)—det. | ASV | 1 × 10−8–1 × 10−6 M 2 × 10−8–1 × 10−6 M |
6 × 10−9 M 4 × 10−9 M |
[67] | |
| l-cysteine | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/(OMC + Nafion) film | Direct det./EC | CV | 1.8 × 10−6–2.5 × 10−3 M | 2.0 × 10−9 M | [25] | |
|
l-cysteine Glutathione |
CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/(OMC + Nafion) film | Direct det./EC | A | 3 × 10−6–1.3 × 10−4 M up to 3 × 10−3 M |
1 × 10−8 M 9 × 10−8 M |
[68] | |
| DNA bases | purine(G,A) | Mesoporous carbon fibers | GCE/(MCFs + chitosan) film | Direct det./EC | DPV | 2.5 × 10−6–2.0 × 10−5 M 2.5 × 10−5–0.9 × 10−3 M |
4.8 × 10−7 M 2.4 × 10−5 M |
[69] |
| pyrimidine (T,C) | ||||||||
| Dopamine | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | CV | 4 × 10−5–1 × 10−3 M | - | [23] | |
| Epinephrine | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/(OMC + Nafion) film | Direct det./EC | A | 1 × 10−7–1.2 × 10−3 M | 3.5 × 10−8 M | [70] | |
| Epinephrine | Mesoporous carbon foam | GCE/(MCF + Salep) film | Direct det./EC | DPV | 1 × 10−7–1.2 × 10−6 M | 4.0 × 10−8 M | [71] | |
| Estrogens | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GPE/(OMC + graphene) film | Acc. (4 min)—det. | SWV | 5.0 × 10−9–2.0 × 10−6 M | 2.0 × 10−9 M | [72] | |
| Folic acid | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/OMC film | Acc. (10 s)—det. | LSV | 5.0 × 10−10–1.0 × 10−7 M | 6.0 × 10−11 M | [73] | |
| Glucose | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | A | 5 × 10−4–5 × 10−3 M | 2 × 10−5 M | [74] | |
| Hydroquinone | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | DPV | 1.0 × 10−7–5.0 × 10−3 M | 3.14 × 10−8 M | [45] | |
| Hydroquinone Catechol Resorcinol |
CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | A | 1 × 10−5–2 × 10−4 M 1 × 10−5–3 × 10−4 M 1 × 10−5–1.2 × 10−4 M |
7.6 × 10−8 M 1.0 × 10−7 M 9.0 × 10−8 M |
[75] | |
| Isoniazid | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/(OMC + Nafion) film | Direct det./EC | A | 1.0 × 10−7–3.7 × 10−4 M | 8.4 × 10−8 M | [76] | |
| Melamine | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/(OMC + Nafion) film | Direct det./EC | DPV | 5 × 10−8–7 × 10−6 M | 2.4 × 10−9 M | [77] | |
| Methyl parathion | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/OMC film | Acc. (5 min)—det. | LSV | 9 × 10−8–6.1 × 10−5 M | 7.6 × 10−9 M | [78] | |
| Morphine | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/OMC film | Acc. (5 min)—det. | CV | 1 × 10−7–2 × 10−5 M | 1 × 10−8 M | [79] | |
| Morphine | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | A | 2 × 10−7–1.98 × 10−4 M | 3 × 10−8 M | [80] | |
| NADH | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | A | 5 × 10−6–9 × 10−4 M | 1.6 × 10−6 M | [81] | |
| NADH | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/(OMC + Nafion) film | Direct det./EC | A | 2 × 10−6–1.1 × 10−3 M | 1.0 × 10−6 M | [82] | |
| NADH | CMK-1 (KIT-6/sucrose) | GCE/(OMC + Nafion) film | Direct det./EC | A | 3.0 × 10−6–1.4 × 10−3 M | 1.0 × 10−6 M | [83] | |
| Nitrite | HONC (SBA-15/Furfuryl alcohol) | GCE/OMC film | Acc. (2 min)—det. | DPV | 7.0 × 10−6–1.6 × 10−3 M | - | [84] | |
| Nitroaromatic (TNT) | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/(OMC + Nafion) film | Acc. (2 min)—det. | AdsSV | 1–50 ppb | 0.2 ppb | [85] | |
| Nitroaromatic (TNT, TNB, DNT, DNB) | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | CDE/OMC/Nafion film | Direct det./EC | CE-A | 8.4–5.0 µg/L | 3–4.7 µg/L | [86] | |
| Nitrobenzene | Bi-modal MMPCM | GCE/OMC film | Acc.—det. | LSV | 2 × 10−7–4 × 10−5 M | 8 × 10−9 M | [87] | |
| Nitrophenols | o-NP | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/(OMC + Nafion) film | Direct det./EC | DPV | 5 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−4 M 1 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−4 M 2 × 10−6–9.0 × 10−5 M |
8 × 10−8 M 6 × 10−8 M 1 × 10−7 M |
[88] |
| m-NP | ||||||||
| p-NP | ||||||||
| Nitroxoline | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | CPE + OMC | Acc. (4 min)—det. | SW-AdsSV | 1.0 × 10−11–1.0 × 10−7 M | 3.0 × 10−12 M | [89] | |
| Paraoxon parathion methyl parathion |
CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/(OMC + Nafion) film | Acc. (6 min at −0.6 V)—det. | DPV | 1.0 × 10−8–2.0 × 10−5 M 1.5 × 10−8–1.0 × 10−5 M 1.0 × 10−8–1.0 × 10−5 M |
1.9 × 10−9 M 3.4 × 10−9 M 2.1 × 10−9 M |
[90] | |
| PbII | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/(OMC + Nafion) film | Acc. (5 min)—det. | ASDPV | 2 × 10−8–2 × 10−6 M | 4.6 × 10−9 M | [91] | |
| PbII | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | CILE/(OMC + ENIM-BF4 + chitosan) film | Acc. (200 s)—det. | ASDPV | 5 × 10−8–1.4 × 10−6 M | 2.5 × 10−8 M | [92] | |
| Poly-phenols | 1,4-DHB | Graphitized mesoporous carbon | GCE/OMC film | Direct det. | DPV | 4.0 × 10−5–2.5 × 10−4 M 2.5 × 10−5–2.0 × 10−4 M 2.5 × 10−5–2.0 × 10−4 M |
9.1 × 10−7 M 1.31 × 10−6 M 6.7 × 10−7 M |
[93] |
| 1,2-DHB | ||||||||
| 1,3-DHB | ||||||||
| Prednisolone | OMC | GCE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | SWV | 6 × 10−8–4.0 × 10−5 M | 5.7 × 10−8 M | [94] | |
| Ractopamine | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | DPV | 8.5 × 10−8–8.0 × 10−6 M | 6 × 10−8 M | [95] | |
| Riboflavin | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/OMC film | Acc.—det. | CV | 4.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−6 M | 2 × 10−8 M | [96] | |
| Rutin | DMC | IL-CPE + OMC | Acc. (7 min)—det. | SWV | 8 × 10−9–4.0 × 10−6 M | 1.17 × 10−9 M | [97] | |
| Sudan I | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/OMC film | Acc.—det. | ASDPV | 4.0 × 10−7–6.6 × 10−5 M | 2.44 × 10−9 M | [98] | |
| Tirapazamine | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | PGE/OMC film | Acc.—det. | DPV | 5 × 10−11–1.5 × 10−5 M | 2.0 × 10−11 M | [99] | |
| Triclosan | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | SPCE/(OMC + chitosan) film | Direct det. | SWV | 0.8–40 µg/L | 0.24 µg/L | [43] | |
| l-tyrosine | CMK-3 (SBA-15/Furfuryl alcohol) | GCE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | DPV | 1.5 × 10−5–9 × 10−4 M | 1.0 × 10−5 M | [100] | |
| Uric acid | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | GCE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | CV | 7 × 10−6–1.5 × 10−4 M | 2.0 × 10−6 M | [101] | |
| Uric acid | CMK-3 (SBA-15/sucrose) | PGE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | A | 1.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−4 M | 4.0 × 10−7 M | [102] | |
| Xanthine Hypoxanthine Uric acid |
Graphitized mesoporous carbon | GCE/OMC film | Direct det./EC | DPV | 2 × 10−5–2.4 × 10−4 M 2 × 10−5–3.2 × 10−4 M 2 × 10−5–4.0 × 10−4 M |
3.51 × 10−7 M 3.88 × 10−7 M 1.10 × 10−7 M |
[44] | |
a Abbreviations: NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form); TNT, 2,4,6-trinitrotuluene; TNB, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene; DNT, 2,4-dinitrotuluene; DNB, 1,3-dinitrobenzene; NP, nitrophenol; DHB, dihydroxy benzene; DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) bases (A, adenine; G, guanine; C,cytosine; T, thymine). b Abbreviations: CMK, carbon mesostructures at KAIST; KIT, Korean Institute of Technology; PF resin, phenol formaldehyde resin; SBA, Santa Barbara Amorphous; MCM, Mobil Composition of Matter; BMIMPF6, ionic liquid of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide; DMC, highly defective mesoporous carbon; HONC, hemi-ordered nanoporous carbon; MMPCM, micro-/meso-porous carbon material. c Abbreviations: GCE, glassy carbon electrode; OMC, ordered mesoporous carbon (general term to name the porous carbon material, even if modified, as detailed in the preceeding column); PGE, pyrolytic graphite electrode; IL, ionic liquid; CPE, carbon paste electrode; MGF, mesoporous graphene framework; PANI, polyaniline; MCF+Salep, mesoporous carbon foam dispersed in Salep; GPE, graphite paste electrode; CDE, carbon disk electrode; CILE, carbon ionic liquid electrode; ENIM-BF4, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid; MCFs, mesoporous carbon fibers; SPCE, scree-printed carbon electrode. d Abbreviations: det., detection; EC, electrocatalysis; acc., accumulation. e Abbreviations: DPV, differential pulse voltammetry; A, amperometry; LSV, linear sweep voltammetry; CV, cyclic voltammetry; SWV, square wave voltammetry; DPASV, differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry; ASV, anodic stripping voltammetry; AdsSV, adsorptive stripping voltammetry; CE-A, capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection; SW-AdsSV, square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry; ASDPV, anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetry.