Table 1.
Demographic data before and after vitamin D2 supplementation in six months.
| Vitamin D2 Supplementation (n = 175) | p-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SEM | Mean Difference (95% CI) | |||
| Baseline | 6 Months | |||
| Gender (F/M) | 158:17 | 158:17 | ||
| Age (years) | 64.58 ± 0.55 | 64.58 ± 0.55 | ||
| Body composition | ||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.87 ± 0.73 | 87.82 ± 0.71 | −0.05 (−0.66 to 0.56) | 0.87 |
| Weight (kg) | 62.38 ± 0.89 | 61.70 ± 0.88 | −0.68 (−1.27 to −0.09) | 0.02 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.63 ± 0.30 | 25.41 ± 0.30 | −0.22 (−0.48 to 0.04) | 0.09 |
| Percentage of fat (%) | 35.42 ± 0.52 | 33.28 ± 0.52 | −2.14 (−2.80 to −1.47) | <0.001 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 22.66 ± 0.59 | 20.93 ± 0.54 | −1.72 (−2.30 to −1.14) | <0.001 |
| Visceral fat rating | 9.46 ± 0.29 | 9.03 ± 0.24 | −0.43 (−0.72 to −0.13) | 0.004 |
| ASM (kg) | 17.58 ± 0.28 | 17.50 ± 0.27 | −0.08 (−0.20 to 0.03) | 0.15 |
| ASMI (kg/m2) | 7.20 ± 0.08 | 7.18 ± 0.08 | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.01) | 0.18 |
| SMI (%) | 28.37 ± 0.27 | 28.52 ± 0.25 | 0.14 (−0.15 to 0.44) | 0.33 |
| VAS (0–10) | 3.96 ± 0.17 | 3.44 ± 0.17 | −0.51 (−0.83 to −0.19) | 0.002 |
| WOMAC | ||||
| Pain (0–10) | 2.45 ± 0.15 | 2.59 ± 0.15 | 0.14 (−0.15 to 0.44) | 0.33 |
| Stiffness (0–10) | 2.56 ± 0.18 | 2.26 ± 0.16 | −0.29 (−0.62 to 0.03) | 0.08 |
| Physical disability (0–10) | 2.90 ± 0.15 | 2.76 ± 0.15 | −0.14 (−0.41 to 0.13) | 0.31 |
| Total score (0–10) | 2.80 ± 0.13 | 2.78 ± 0.13 | −0.01 (−0.08 to 0.06) | 0.75 |
| SF-12 | ||||
| PCS (0–100) | 38.26 ± 0.65 | 40.24 ± 0.67 | 1.98 (0.60 to 3.36) | 0.005 |
| MCS (0–100) | 50.00 ± 0.70 | 49.57 ± 0.66 | −0.42 (−1.82 to 0.97) | 0.54 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| PAQ-EJ (MET hours/week) | 52.28 ± 2.83 | 53.29 ± 3.08 | 1.00 (−5.11 to 7.13) | 0.74 |
| Metabolic risk factors | ||||
| FBG (mg/dL) | 98.06 ± 1.30 | 98.49 ± 1.56 | 0.42 (−2.26 to 3.12) | 0.75 |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 5.32 ± 0.41 | 5.99 ± 0.41 | 0.66 (−0.20 to 1.53) | 0.13 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.34 ± 0.11 | 1.55 ± 0.13 | 0.20 (−0.06 to 0.46) | 0.13 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 211.94 ± 2.93 | 212.90 ± 3.14 | 0.95 (−4.35 to 6.26) | 0.72 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 55.30 ± 1.00 | 57.40 ± 1.28 | 2.09 (−0.03 to 4.23) | 0.05 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 126.34 ± 4.16 | 123.70 ± 4.63 | −2.63 (−10.32 to 5.04) | 0.49 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 135.42 ± 2.76 | 127.64 ± 2.78 | −7.77 (−12.43 to −3.12) | 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 131.02 ± 0.77 | 131.00 ± 0.81 | −0.77 (−0.66 to 0.60) | 0.93 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.57 ± 0.51 | 78.25 ± 0.55 | −0.81 (−0.80 to 0.16) | 0.19 |
| Biochemical markers | ||||
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 20.73 ± 0.36 | 32.14 ± 0.59 | 11.41(10.27 to 12.54) | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.25 ± 0.03 | 9.34 ± 0.04 | 0.09 (0.006 to 0.18) | 0.03 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.62 ± 0.03 | 3.69 ± 0.03 | 0.06 (−0.01 to 0.13) | 0.10 |
| PTH (pg/mL) | 53.20 ± 1.72 | 46.63 ± 2.21 | −6.57 (−11.08 to −2.05) | 0.005 |
| hs-CRP (mg/dL) | 1.97 ± 0.20 | 2.61 ± 0.34 | 0.64 (−0.06 to 1.35) | 0.07 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 20.59 ± 4.52 | 22.37 ± 2.32 | 1.78 (−5.75 to 9.31) | 0.64 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 25.93 ± 1.57 | 24.68 ± 1.45 | −1.24 (−3.89 to 1.39) | 0.35 |
| Protein carbonyls (nmol/mg) | 0.79 ± 0.04 | 0.70 ± 0.03 | −0.08 (−0.16 to −0.003) | 0.04 |
Abbreviations: F: female, M: male, BMI: body mass index, ASM: appendicular skeletal muscle mass, ASMI: appendicular skeletal muscle mass index, SMI: skeletal muscle index, VAS: visual analogue scale, WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, SF-12: 12-Item short form health survey, PCS: physical health composite scores, MCS: mental health composite scores, PAQ-EJ: physical activity questionnaire for elderly Japanese in Thai version, MET: metabolic equivalent of task, FBG: fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, HDL-cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SBP: systolic blood pressure and DBP: diastolic blood pressure, 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and PTH: parathyroid hormone.