Figure 3.

Effect of lycopene on intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in amyloid-β-stimulated cells. The cells were pre-treated with lycopene for 1 h, and then stimulated with amyloid-β (20 μM) for another 24 h. (A) Intracellular ROS levels were determined by dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay; (B) Mitochondrial ROS levels were measured by mitoSOX assay; (C,D) MMP was determined by JC-1 dye through confocal microscopy. (E) OCR was measured by using an XF analyzer. The value of the None group (without stimulation) was set as 100% (A,B,D). Data are expressed as the mean ± S.E. of three independent experiments. ** p < 0.01 vs. None (without any stimulation or treatment); ⁺ p < 0.05, ⁺⁺ p < 0.01 vs. Control (with amyloid-β stimulation alone).