Table 2.
Maternal serum and liver biomarkers at gestational day 17.5 1.
| Maternal Biomarkers | NFCO | NFCS | HFCO | HFCS | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 8) | (n = 6) | (n = 8) | (n = 7) | D | S | D × S | |
| Serum insulin (ng/mL) | 0.63 ± 0.05 a | 0.81± 0.06 b | 0.57 ± 0.05 a | 0.57 ± 0.05 a | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.1 |
| Serum glucose (mg/dL) | 103.5 ± 5.9 | 88.9± 6.9 | 103.7 ± 5.9 | 94.1 ± 6.4 | 0.7 | 0.07 | 0.7 |
| HOMA-IR index | 28.0 ± 2.9 | 30.3 ± 3.4 | 24.9 ± 2.9 | 23.2 ± 3.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
| Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) | 37.9 ± 3.5 | 46.6 ± 5.2 | 31.2 ± 3.7 | 50.6 ± 4.1 | 0.7 | <0.01 | 0.5 |
| Serum FFAs (mmol/L) | 0.52± 0.12 | 0.74 ± 0.2 | 0.64 ± 0.14 | 0.80 ± 0.16 | 0.9 | 0.06 | 0.4 |
| Liver triglycerides (mg/g tissue) | 17.8 ± 4.9 a | 9.3 ± 6.4 a | 37.3 ± 5.5 b | 13.9 ± 5.5 a | 0.04 | <0.01 | 0.2 |
1 Experimental diets were fed to dams from 6 weeks before timed-mating to gestational day 17.5. n is the number of dams. Data were analyzed using the general linear model. Posteriori analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by posthoc Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) analysis between groups was conducted with pd×s ≤ 0.2. Different letters: a and b, indicate p < 0.05 in the posthoc analysis; Values represent means ± standard error of mean (SEM). FFA: free fatty acid; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance = fasting insulin concentration (pmol/L) × fasting glucose concentration (mmol/L)/22.5. CO: control; CS: choline supplemented; D: diet; HF: high-fat diet; NF: normal diet; S: supplementation.