Table 3.
Choline-derived metabolite concentrations in the fetal liver at gestational day 17.5 1.
| Metabolites (nmol/g Tissue) | NFCO | NFCS | HFCO | HFCS | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 9) | (n = 6) | (n = 7) | (n = 6) | D | S | D × S | |
| Choline | 172 ± 12 | 196 ± 13 | 144 ± 13 | 169 ± 13 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.9 |
| Betaine | 719 ± 89 a | 1290 ± 102 b | 957 ± 103 a | 1740 ± 103 c | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.2 |
| Methionine | 139 ± 12 | 158 ± 14 | 134 ± 14 | 134 ± 14 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Lysophosphatidylcholine | 253 ± 28 | 235 ± 33 | 273 ± 32 | 177 ± 33 | 0.6 | 0.08 | 0.3 |
| Glycerophosphocholine | 633 ± 60 | 735 ± 70 | 610 ± 70 | 587 ± 69 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 |
| Phosphocholine | 537 ± 54 | 687 ± 62 | 486 ± 62 | 629 ± 62 | 0.02 | 0.4 | 0.9 |
| Phosphatidylcholine | 22,006 ± 914 | 21,511 ± 1055 | 21,515 ± 1055 | 19,317 ± 1055 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| Sphingomyelin | 3707 ± 228 | 3423 ± 263 | 3794± 263 | 3474 ± 263 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
1 Experimental diets were fed to dams from 6 weeks before timed-mating to gestational day 17.5. n is the number of fetuses. Livers of 6–9 fetuses from different dams (1 fetal liver/dam) were randomly chosen from each group for quantification. Data were analyzed using the general linear model. Posteriori analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by posthoc Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) analysis between groups was conducted with pD×S ≤ 0.2. Different letters: a, b, and c, indicate p < 0.05 in the posthoc analysis; Values represent means ± standard error of mean (SEM). CO: control; CS: choline supplemented; D: diet; HF: high-fat diet; NF: normal-fat diet; S: supplementation.