Table 3.
Chronic study characteristics.
| Reference | Country | Study Design | No. Randomised | No. Completed | Gender | Mean Age ± SD (Years) | BMI Status, Mean BMI (kg/m2) | Health Status | Anthocyanin Source (Food/Extract) | Intake | Anthocyanin (mg/day) | Control | Duration | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barona et al. 2012 [23] | USA | C, CR | 25 | 24 | M | 51.3 ± 9.6 | Obese, 31.6 |
Metabolic syndrome | Grape powder | 46 g | 35 | Placebo capsule | 30 day | FMD (%) |
| Buscemi et al. 2012 [24] | Italy | C, CR | 21 | 19 | M, F | 48 ± 13 | Obese, 32.1 ± 4.9 |
CVD risk factors | Red orange juice | 500 mL | 36 | Placebo drink | 7 day | FMD (%) |
| Dohadwala et al. 2011 [26] | USA | C, CR | 47 | 44 | M, F | Pl (1st): 63 ± 9 I (1st): 61 ± 11 |
Overweight, NR | CHD | Cranberry juice | 480 mL | 94 | Placebo drink | 4 week | FMD (%) PAT-RHI crPWV (m/s) cfPWV (m/s) |
| Flammer et al. 2013 [27] | USA | C, P | 84 | 69 | M, F | Pl: 51 ± 15.1 I: 44.8 ± 17.5 |
Overweight/obese, Pl: 37.2 ± 5.5 I: 27.7 ± 5.9 |
Endothelial dysfunction, CVD risk factors, CVD | Cranberry juice | 460 mL | 69 | Placebo drink | 4 month | PAT-AI PAT-RHI |
| Jeong et al. 2014 [28] | Korea | C, P | 77 | 77 | M, F | Pl: 60.1 ± 9.5 I: 58.0 ± 9.2 |
Overweight, Pl: 25.1 ± 4.0 I: 26.3 ± 4.3 |
Metabolic syndrome | Black raspberry powder | 750 mg | 26 a | Placebo capsule | 12 week | PWV (m/s) FMD (%) |
| Jeong et al. 2016 [29] | Korea | C, P | 51 | 50 | M, F | Pl: 60.7 ± 10.4 I: 56.4 ± 9.2 |
Healthy, Pl: 24.7 ± 3.9 I: 25.9 ± 4.6 |
Metabolic syndrome | Black raspberry powder | 750 mg | 26 a | Placebo capsule | 12 week | AI (%) |
| Jeong et al. 2016 [30] | Korea | C, P | 45 | 45 | M, F | Pl: 55.9 ± 12.8 MD: 60.2 ± 11.2 HD: 55.5 ± 12.3 |
Healthy, Pl: 25.8 ± 3.0 MD: 24.5 ± 2.9 HD: 23.5 ± 2.4 |
Pre-hypertension | MD & HD black raspberry powder | MD: 1500 mgHD: 2500 mg | MD: 52HD: 87 a | Placebo capsule | 8 week | AI (%) AI p75 (%) baPWV- (m/s) |
| Johnson et al. 2015 [32] | USA | C, P | 48 | 40 | PF | Pl: 53.7 ± 4.8 I: 59.7 ± 4.6 |
NR, NR | Pre- and stage 1- hypertension | Blueberry powder | 22 g | 470 | Control powder | 8 week | cfPWV (cm/s) baPWV (cm/s) |
| Khan et al. 2014 [34] | UK | C, P | 66 | 64 | M, F | Pl: 51 ± 8 LD: 55 ± 10 HD: 51 ± 11 |
Overweight, Pl: 28.9 ± 6.5 LD: 28.4 ± 5.4 HD: 29.2 ± 6.9 |
Healthy | LD or HD black current juice | 250 mL | LD: 10 HD: 36 |
Flavoured water | 6 week | FMD (%) |
| Liu et al. 2007 [35] | China | C, P | 103 | 83 | M, F | Pl: 59.8 ± 7.8 I: 58.5 ± 8.6 |
Healthy, Pl: 23.8 ± 3.6, I: 24.8 ± 3.4 |
Healthy | Rhubarb capsule | 50 mg | 12 | Placebo capsule | 6 month | FMD (%) |
| Lynn et al. 2012 [36] | UK | C, P | 51 | 48 | M, F | C: 36.1 ± 0.92 I: 39.0 ± 1.24 |
Healthy, C: 25 ± 1.1 I: 25 ± 1.3 |
Healthy | Pomegranate juice | 330 mL | 127 b | Lemon drink | 4 week | bkPWV (m/s) |
| Lynn et al. 2014 [37] | UK | C, P | 47 | 46 | M, F | C: 37.2 ± 5.8 I: 38.3 ± 6.2 |
Healthy, C: 24.6 I: 23.5 |
Healthy | Cherry juice concentrate | 30 mL | 274 | Lemon drink | 6 week | bkPWV (m/s) |
| McAnulty et al. 2014 [38] | USA | C, P | 25 | NR | M, F | Pl: 39.9 ± 13.4 I: 46.2 ± 11.9 |
Healthy, Pl: 24.2 ± 3.4 I: 27.8 ± 5.5 |
Pre-hypertension | Blueberry powder | 38 g | 625 c | Placebo powder | 6 week | cfPWV (m/s) AI (%) |
| Naissides et al. 2006 [39] | Australia | C, P | 45 | 43 | PF | Pl: 59.3 ± 1.4 I: 57.6 ± 1.3 |
Overweight, Pl: 26.7 ± 1.2 I: 26.3 ± 0.9 |
Healthy | Dealcoholised red wine | 400 mL | 283 d | Water | 6 week | AI (%) |
| Riso et al. 2013 [40] | Italy | C, CR | 20 | 18 | M | 47.8 ± 9.7 | Healthy, 24.8 ± 2.6 |
Healthy (with 1 CVD risk factor) |
Blueberry powder | 25 g | 375 | Placebo drink | 6 week | PAT-RHI PAT-AI |
| Ruel et al. 2013 [43] | Canada | C, CR | 35 | 35 | M | 45 ± 10 | Overweight 28.3 ± 2.4 |
Healthy | Cranberry juice | 500 mL | 21 | Placebo drink | 4 week | AI (%) Salbutamol AI (%) |
| Siasos et al. 2014 [44] | Greece | C, CR | 26 | NR | M, F | 26 ± 5 | NR, NR | Healthy, smokers | Concord grape juice | 240 mL | 71 | Grape-fruit juice | 7, 14 day | FMD (%) PWV (m/s) |
| Stull et al. 2015 [45] | USA | C, P | 46 | 44 | M, F | PI: 59 ± 2 I: 55 ± 2 |
Obese, Pl: 36.0 ± 1.1 I: 35.2 ± 0.8 |
Metabolic syndrome | Blueberry powder | 45 g | 581 | Placebo drink | 6 week | PAT-RHI |
| Vaisman & Niv 2015 [46] | Israel | C, P | 50 | 45 | M, F | Pl: 56.4 ± 7.0 MD: 58.5 ± 7.9 HD: 57.6 ± 7.2 |
Overweight, PL:26.3 ± 4.1 MD: 29.7 ± 3.0 HD: 26.4 ± 3.0 |
Pre- and stage 1- hypertension | Red grape powder | MD: 200 mg HD: 400 mg |
MD: 1.34 HD: 2.68 |
Placebo | 12 week | FMD (%) |
| Willems, et al. 2015 [47] | UK | C, CR | 13 | 10 | M, F | 38 ± 8 | NR, NR | Healthy | Black currant powder | 6 g | 139 | Placebo drink | 7 day | TPR |
| Zhu et al. 2011 [48] | China | C, P | 150 | 146 | M, F | Pl: 70.1 ± 9.8 I: 68.9 ± 8.8 |
Overweight, Pl: 26.8 ± 2 I: 26.4 ± 2.1 |
HC | Purified anthocyanins | 320 mg | 320 | Placebo capsule | 12 week | FMD (%) |
a, b, c, d anthocyanin content estimated from alternate publication (a [49]; b [50]; c [51]; d [52]); Abbreviations: A, acute; AI, augmentation index; ba, brachial-ankle; bk, brachial-knee; cf, carotid-femoral; C, chronic; cr, carotid-radial; CR, crossover; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DVP-SI, digital volume pulse—stiffness index; F, females; FMD, flow mediated dilation; HC, hypercholesterolemic; HD, high dose; I (1st); intervention received first; LD, low dose; LDI, laser Doppler iontophoresis; M, Males; MD, moderate dose; NR, not reported; P, parallel, PAT, peripheral arterial tonometry; Pl, placebo; Pl (1st), placebo received first; PF, postmenopausal females; PWV, pulse wave velocity; RHI, reactive hyperaemia index; TPR, total peripheral resistance.