. 2017 Aug 5;17(8):1808. doi: 10.3390/s17081808

Table 2.

The mean and standard deviation of the normalized energy-based metrics for the novice and expert groups and the corresponding p values. The statistically significant p values are shown in bold. $E_{P - N}$ , $E_{TK - N}$ , $E_{RK - N}$ , and $W_{N}$ stand for the normalized potential energy, normalized translational kinetic energy, normalized rotational kinetic energy, and normalized work, respectively. All of the metrics, except $E_{RK - N}$ of the instrument and the arthroscope for Task 2, which are indicated with an asterisk (*), demonstrated statistically significant differences between novices and experts. The metrics with a normal distribution are marked with † in the p value column.

			Task 1		Task 2		Task 3
	Metric	Level	Mean ± SD	p value	Mean ± SD	p value	Mean ± SD	p value
Instrument	$E_{P - N}$	Novice	5.87 ± 4.47	0.001	5.15 ± 3.26	<0.001	5.22 ± 5.55	0.002
	$E_{P - N}$	Expert	0.88 ± 0.44	0.001	1.18 ± 0.60	<0.001	1.10 ± 0.17	0.002
	$E_{TK - N}$	Novice	6.24 ± 4.65	<0.001 ^†	5.92 ± 4.12	0.001	6.92 ± 6.98	0.022
	$E_{TK - N}$	Expert	1.07 ± 0.51	<0.001 ^†	1.37 ± 0.74	0.001	1.84 ± 1.29	0.022
	$E_{RK - N}$	Novice	145.35 ± 127.06	0.014 ^†	8.05 ± 10.15	0.199 *	5.10 ± 3.33	0.003 ^†
	$E_{RK - N}$	Expert	50.56 ± 29.24	0.014 ^†	2.41 ± 2.65	0.199 *	1.95 ± 0.78	0.003 ^†
	$W_{N}$	Novice	29.43 ± 22.71	<0.001 ^†	9.92 ± 10.16	0.007	7.64 ± 7.89	0.001
	$W_{N}$	Expert	3.49 ± 1.32	<0.001 ^†	2.68 ± 2.52	0.007	0.53 ± 0.21	0.001
Arthroscope	$E_{P - N}$	Novice	11.89 ± 9.35	0.001 ^†	7.07 ± 6.10	0.024	8.34 ± 8.02	0.001
	$E_{P - N}$	Expert	1.59 ± 0.79	0.001 ^†	2.34 ± 1.93	0.024	2.23 ± 1.56	0.001
	$E_{TK - N}$	Novice	10.72 ± 8.74	0.011	6.44 ± 5.47	0.002	8.38 ± 8.56	0.001
	$E_{TK - N}$	Expert	1.40 ± 0.77	0.011	1.58 ± 0.79	0.002	1.84 ± 1.88	0.001
	$E_{RK - N}$	Novice	17.23 ± 23.34	0.042	10.95 ± 19.03	0.062 *	10.46 ± 11.53	0.002
	$E_{RK - N}$	Expert	1.56 ± 0.79	0.042	1.44 ± 1.36	0.062 *	1.09 ± 1.10	0.002