Table 2.
Sleep/wake schemes for previous research in agricultural applications.
| Power Reduction Scheme | Reference Example | Wireless Protocol/Device | Power Savings/Battery Lifetime | Communication Distance/Field Size | Sensors/Actuators | Application | Limitations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep/wake scheme | Duty-cycle | [8]/2016 | LoRa | 4408 h | Limited | Soil temperature, Soil moisture, air temperature, air humidity and light intensity/alert messages | Greenhouse | Communication distance |
| [38]/2013 | WiFi | 9.5 days | 100 m | Temperature, humidity, water level, soil moisture, light, and pressure | Precision Agriculture | Short battery life | ||
| [42]/2015 | ZigBee and GSM/GPRS | 13.35 days | Long | Soil moisture, temperature, pressure, and water electrical conductivity and temperature | Irrigation | Short battery life | ||
| [49]/2013 | ZigBee and GSM/GPRS | 21 days | 20 m | Air temperature, air humidity, and solar radiation | Vineyard | Short battery life and communication distance | ||
| [69]/2013 | GPRS | Low power | 30 m | Soil moisture/sprinkling machine | Precision Agriculture | Data losses-Measurement error | ||
| [70]/2013 | ZigBee and GPRS | Low power | 23 m | Temperature and soil moisture/solenoid valves | Precision Agriculture | Conflicted in communication between ZigBee and GPRS | ||
| [71]/2014 | DZ50 (RFM12b) | 700%/7 years | Short | Soil moisture/solenoid valves | Precision Irrigation | Low data rate | ||
| [72]/2015 | ZigBee and GPRS/3G | 8.1 days | 2000–3000 m | Wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, rain gauge, water and pH level | Crop fields | Short battery life | ||
| [78]/2012 | ZigBee (CC2530) | 150 day (3606 h) | 400 m | Soil moisture, ambient temperature, soil temperature, and ambient humidity/irrigation equipment | Agriculture/farm field | RSSI measurements are not considered the actual field | ||
| [79]/2014 | ZigBee (CC2530) | 84.9 h | 65, 95, 200 m | Soil moisture, air humidity, and air temperature/irrigation system | Orchard, greenhouse, and farmland | Packet losses | ||
| MAC protocol | [39]/2011 | Simulation | 10% | 1000 m | Temperature, and soil moisture/solenoid valve and motor | Irrigation | High power consumption in the case of the sensor nodes far from base station | |
| [73]/2013 | IEEE 802.15.4 (CC2420) | 745.4 days | 50 m | Temperature, light intensity, and humidity | Greenhouse agriculture | Short communication distance | ||
| [74]/2013 | ZigBee | 6.5 month | 10 m | Air temperature, soil pH, humidity light intensity, and soil moisture/irrigation system | Precision farming | Proposed protocol have additional complexity | ||
| [75]/2011 | IEEE 802.15.4 (CC2420) | 222 and 1204 days | 84 m | Air temperature and soil moisture/drip water system | Precision horticulture | Gateway consumes more power because it is always awake | ||
| [76]/2010 | IEEE 802.15.4 (CC2420) | Low power | 50 m | Leaf temperature and wetness and air temperature and humidity/relay | Greenhouse | The power consumption of the sensor node increases with the number of sensors | ||
| Topology control | [77]/2016 | ZigBee | Low power | 100 × 100 m2 | Soil moisture, temperature and humidity/valve | Irrigation | More power is consumed at long communication distance | |