Table 8.
Sensors, actuators, and platforms used in agricultural applications based on IoT.
| Reference Example | Sensors/Actuators | IoT End Device Wireless Protocol | IoT Platform/Device | IoT Application Layer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [8]/2016 | Soil temperature, Soil moisture, air temperature, air humidity and light intensity/alert messages | LoRa | LoRaWAN | User interface, remote monitoring, and email |
| [42]/2015 | Soil moisture, temperature, pressure, and water electrical conductivity and temperature | ZigBee | GSM/GPRS | Web application (HTML5, PHP, and Javascript) |
| [95]/2017 | Air temperature, soil moisture, air humidity, and light intensity | WiFi (ESP8266) | WiFi | Web services |
| [143]/2016 | Camera to monitor the rice leaf disease | Sensor networks | Wisekar and cloud Computing | Web application and user-defined |
| [144]/2017 | Temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and wind direction and speed | nRF wireless protocol | Intel Edison and cloud computing | User interface and ustom server |
| [145]/2015 | Temperature and soil moisture/electrovalve | eZ430-RF2500 (IEEE802.15.4/ZigBee-based CC2500) | WiFi 802.11 or GPRS through http and Cloud computing | Web applications |
| [147]/2016 | Temperature and soil moisture/irrigation system | Libelium WaspMotes, Remote, Netatmo, etc. | SmartFarmNet and Cloud computing | Server application, user interface, and do-it-yourself visualization |
| [150]/2015 | Temperature, humidity, light, pressure, camera, CO2, and wind direction and speed/air flow, sprinkler, and sunlight secreen | ZigBee | Ethernet shield and GPRS | User applications and server applications |
| [151]/2015 | Ambient temperature, soil moisture, pH value, and humidity/valves and pumps | ZigBee (XBee) | Ethernet/WiFi/GSM | User applications |
| [152]/2015 | Air temperature, wind speed/direction, air humidity, air pressure, net radiation, sunshine duration, and precipitation/irrigation system | IEEE 802.11 or Bluetooth | GPRS | User applications (desktop client, web client, and mobile client) and web processing service |
| [153]/2015 | Pesticide concentration sensor | Hypogynous computer | Epigynous computer | HTML files, Webpage, and Smartphone |
| [154]/2016 | Air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, water, and nutrients/irrigation system | IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee | FIWARE platform and cloud computing | Web services, data analysis, and database |
| [155]/2016 | Temperature, Luminosity, PH, moisture, EC/lamps, electro-valves, and pumps | IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee | Cloud computing | Web services, data analysis, database, and HMI interfaces |
| [156]/2016 | Temperature, light intensity CO2 concentration, and humidity | ZigBee (CC2530) | GPRS (SIM300 module) | User application |
| [157]/2016 | Soil moisture/water pumps, fan, and mist | ZigBee (XBee) | WiFi and GSM/GPRS | Graphical user interface |
| [158]/2016 | Air temperature, wind speed and direction, leaf wetness, soil moisture, air humidity, rain volume/fertilizers or spraying chemicals and watering system | nRF24L01 | IEEE 802.11b/g/n (WiFi) and Cloud computing | Data visualization, data storage, data analysis, and application program interface |
| [159]/2016 | Web camera, ultrasonic ranging, infrared heat sensor, and ultrasonic sound repeller | Wired connection to PC | PTC’s ThingWorx’s | User application, web services, and http and several Internet protocols |
| [160]/2016 | Temperature, humidity carbon dioxide, soil moisture light intensity, and pH value | Bluetooth and mobile device | 4G and cloud computing | Intelligent management (neural network) |
| [161]/2016 | Ultrasonic, air humidity, air temperature, LDR sensor, and soil moisture/pumps, solenoid valve, fogger system, lights, and peltier | RFID tags | GSM sim900a and WiFi | SMS, e-mail, google spreadsheet, e-commerce website |
| [162]/2016 | Air temperature/fan, curtain, and shutter | ZigBee | GPRS | Web applications |
| [163]/2016 | Temperature, soil moisture, light, and humidity/water pump | nRF24L01 | GPRS/GSM | Microsoft active server pages and MYSQL |
| [164]/2016 | Relative humidity, barometric pressure, temperature, light intensity, camera, and proximity sensing/buzzer, SMS alerts | IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee | Wireless connection | Web application, Android application, and cloud storage |
| [165]/2016 | Temperature | Off-the-shelf mesh WSN | SmartMesh IP Manager | Server applications and database |
| [166]/2016 | Air temperature, illumination intensity, and relative humidity | Mica2 (CC1000) | 2G/3G and cloud computing | User applications (display terminal, PC, PDA, remote monitoring device) and GUI |
| [167]/2017 | Temperature, illumination, camera, and humidity/vaporization system | ZigBee | WiFi | Data mining, data inquery, and data storage |
| [168]/2017 | Liquid level sensor/water pump | Wired connection | Ethernet shield | User-defined |
| [169]/2017 | Temperature and light | IEEE 802.15.4 | IEEE 802.11g, 802.11a, and RFS 6000 | User applications and server applications |
| [170]/2017 | Temperature, pH value, and Oxygen | ZigBee | GSM, WiFi, and cloud computing | Web services, desktop application, and mobile applications |
| [171]/2017 | Relative humidity | LoRa/LoRaWAN | GPRS/3G/4G and cloud computing | Liquid crystal display (LCD) |
| [172]/2017 | Relative humidity, temperature, air pressure, and luminosity | WiFi | IBM Watson IoT, IBM Bluemix cloud service, and cloud computing | data storage, and data graphs and visualized |
| [173]/2017 | Soil moisture, salinity, and temperature | WiFi/ZigBee/Bluetooth | WiFi, cloud | HTTP protocol and smartphone applications |
| [174]/2017 | Soil moisture, soil pH, and camera | WiFi and drone | FarmBeats (based Ethernet or WiFi) and cloud computing | Web interface (data access, cross-farm analytics, and long term applications) |