Table 3.
Percentage of respondents in each country sample who believed that smoking causes each of 12 health effects, by whether the relevant warning set was viewed during the study.
| Health Effect | Bangladesh (Dhaka) | China (Beijing) | India (Mumbai Area) | Korea | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Did Not View (n = 875–888) | Viewed (n = 131–144) | Diff. 1 | Did Not View (n = 920–939) | Viewed (n = 131–150) | Diff. 1 | Did Not View (n = 871–881) | Viewed (n = 131–141) | Diff. 1 | Did not View (n = 1170–1189) | Viewed (n = 173–192) | Diff. 1 | |
| Lung cancer | 97.8% | 98.5% | +0.7 | 93.1% | 91.4% | −1.7 | 92.0% | 96.2% | +4.2 | 95.2% | 92.9% | −2.3 |
| Lung cancer in non-smokers from breathing cigarette smoke | 95.6% | 95.5% | −0.1 | 89.5% | 88.7% | −0.8 | 87.0% | 87.4% | +0.4 | 88.1% | 87.3% | −0.8 |
| Harm to unborn babies | 97.5% | 99.3% | +1.8 | 92.9% | 94.2% | +1.3 | 81.7% | 86.2% | +4.5 | 98.5% | 98.7% | +0.2 |
| Death | 96.2% | 94.8% | −1.4 | 83.2% | 86.4% | +3.2 | 95.7% | 91.9% | −3.8 | 86.4% | 91.1% | +4.7 |
| Mouth cancer | 90.3% | 94.1% | +2.8 | 79.4% | 88.0% | +8.6 * | 98.6% | 97.0% | −1.6 | 86.6% | 97.3% | +10.7 ** |
| Throat cancer | 88.4% | 97.8% | +9.4 ** | 86.0% | 91.5% | +5.5 | 97.0% | 95.6% | −1.4 | 79.2% | 92.0% | +12.8 ** |
| Heart disease | 96.0% | 98.5% | +2.5 | 67.5% | 76.7% | +9.2 * | 88.0% | 86.4% | −1.6 | 78.8% | 87.2% | +8.4 * |
| Emphysema | 96.7% | 97.7% | +1.0 | 86.2% | 92.9% | +6.7 * | 66.2% | 68.1% | +1.9 | 72.3% | 90.5% | +18.2 ** |
| Wrinkling and aging of skin | 82.4% | 85.8% | +3.4 | 80.6% | 85.0% | +4.4 | 66.4% | 88.5% | +22.1 ** | 83.1% | 88.0% | +4.9 |
| Stroke | 94.9% | 94.8% | −0.1 | 51.4% | 79.4% | +28.0 ** | 67.6% | 73.5% | +5.9 | 62.1% | 84.0% | +21.9 ** |
| Impotence in male smokers | 68.3% | 83.8% | +15.5 ** | 57.8% | 71.5% | +13.7 ** | 55.2% | 83.8% | +28.2 ** | 56.7% | 70.6% | +13.9 ** |
| Gangrene | 52.2% | 75.7% | +23.5 ** | 54.6% | 70.3% | +15.7 ** | 46.6% | 77.9% | +31.3 ** | 31.5% | 81.0% | +49.5 ** |
1 Difference in percentage points (% belief that smoking caused health effect) between those who viewed relevant warnings vs. those who did not; * Significant difference (at * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01) between % belief among those who saw the relevant warnings vs. not (bolded), within country, in logistic regression models controlling for age group and smoking status.