Table 8.

Path Interventions (Type B).

Authors	Intervention & Study		N, Response Rate & Method	Exposure Levels		Change in Levels and Distribution of Change across Participants	Outcome Measure(s) before and after Outcomes	Did Outcome Change with Change in Exposure? YES/NO (Significance Tested?)	Before/after Outcome Change Compared to that Estimated from an ERF	Comments	Confounders Adjusted for in Analyses
	Nature	Design		Before	After
Amundsen, Klaeboe & Aasvang (2013) [28]	See Table 4					LAeq,24 h, –7 dB for indoor noise levels for all Ps in target group	Several sleep questions, but ‘sleep disturbed’ based on Yes/No response to either of: ‘I am disturbed by traffic noise’ or ‘I wake up because of traffic noise’ B: 45% disturbed A: 22% disturbed	YES %Sleep Disturbed dropped after intervention (p < 0.0005 McNemar’s test) No change in control group Results stayed the same two years after	n.a.	Overall sleep quality also assessed (top two points of 5-point sleep quality scale = ‘poor sleep’ Intervention resulted in less ‘poor sleep’ similar to change in %Sleep Disturbed	Gender, age, education level, marital status, access to a bedroom on the quiet side of the building, and noise sensitivity
Bendtsen, Michelsen & Christensen (2011) [29]	See Table 4					Lden Reductions in extent of exposure 60–65 & 55–60 bands but increase in lower two bands	Unclear. Appears to be based on binary response to two questions: ‘difficulties in falling asleep’ & ‘wake up at night’	Yes Ps. Reported sleep disturbance (both questions) dropped B: 14 & A: 7% No statistical tests	n.a.	No data presented of change in exposure of those reporting change in sleep