Table 15.

New/Closed Infrastructure (Type C).

Authors	Intervention & Study		N, Response Rate & Method	Exposure Levels		Change in Levels and Distribution of Change across Participants	Outcome Measure(s) before and after Outcomes	Did Outcome Change with Change in Exposure? Yes/No (Significance Tested?)	Before/after Outcome Change Compared to That Estimated from an ERF	Comments	Confounders Adjusted for in Analyses
	Nature	Design		Before	After
Hygge, Evans & Bullinger (2002) [50]	Munich Opening new airport closing old airport	Prospective cohort study +control matched om SES 3 data collection waves B (6 mos) & two A (1&2 year)	326 (mean age 10.4 years) Memory and Reading paper and pencil tests High response rates	Measured LAeq,24 h at school only Increase: 53 (n = 111) Decrease: 68 (n = 65) Control: (n = 107)	62 54	+9 new airport –14 old airport	Long and short term memory; reading; attention; speech perception	Yes Effects on reading, memory and speech perception, not attention. Effects disappeared when old airport closed; emerging after the new airport opened Various statistical tests including interactions.	n.a.	Children tested in soundproof caravan Suggest effects may be reversible	Confounds ruled out by design: ethnicity; mother’s education; number of family members; occupation; attrition