Table 18.

Education/Communication Intervention (Type E).

Authors	Intervention & Study		N, Response Rate & Method	Exposure Levels		Change in Levels and Distribution of Change across Participants	Outcome Measure(s) before and after Outcomes	Did Outcome Change with Change in Exposure? Yes/No (Significance Tested?)	Before/after Outcome Change Compared to That Estimated from an ERF	Comments	Confounders Adjusted for in Analyses
	Nature	Design		Before	After
Schreckenberg et al. (2013) [53]	Germany Rail grinding plus provision of information to Ps	BA. 3 mos B; 1–2 mos A. Part given information about rail grinding, part not given information. Randomly distributed over an information and non-information group	B: 411 A: 340 (163 informed area; 177 uninformed area) Response Rates: 73% & 83%) Repeated interviews	Not reported		Emission levels LAeq (day and night)reduced by only 1–2 dB	5 point verbal annoyance scale and range of disturbances Authors’ conclusion based on the above	Rejected that rail disturbances dropped because of noise level drop. Yes However, author suggests disturbances are less where Ps have been given information compared to not given information	n.a.