. 2017 Aug 16;14(8):922. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14080922

Table 2.

A summary of the reported adherence outcomes and significant factors of adherence.

Study	Adherence Outcome	Analysis	Significant Factors (p < 0.05)
Attrition
Teixeira et al., 2004 [38]	Dropout at 16 months: 47 (29.7%)	Univariate	+ Psychosocial: (i) Stringent weight outcome evaluation, (ii) Depression, (iii) Body shape concerns + Behavioural: (i) Previous weight loss attempts, (ii) Binge eating + Physical: (i) Initial weight, (iii) Initial BMI, (iii) Initial fat - Psychosocial: (i) Quality of Life (physical, mental and obesity specific) (ii) Self-esteem - Behavioural: (i) Carbohydrate intake, (ii) Fiber intake (iii) Exercise
Teixeira et al., 2004 [38]	Dropout at 16 months: 47 (29.7%)	Multivariate	+ Psychosocial: Stringent weight outcome evaluation + Behavioural: Previous weight loss attempts - Psychosocial: Quality of Life (physical, mental and obesity specific) - Behavioural: Carbohydrate intake
Kong et al., 2010 [39]	Loss to follow up or non-responders (failure to achieve >5% weight loss) at 1 year: 33 (64.7%) ^ Other indicators: Dropout (loss to follow up):15 (30%)	Univariate	+ Physical: Initial weight - Psychosocial: (i) Self-efficacy, (ii) Conviction for diet modification - Physical: % of weight loss at 6 weeks
Kong et al., 2010 [39]		Multivariate	- Psychosocial: Self-efficacy - Physical: % of weight loss at 6 weeks
Neve et al., 2010 [46]	Non-usage attrition (stopped using the website but active subscription) - 12-week: 4388 (65%) - 52-week: 1429 (70%) ^Other indicators: Dropout for 12-week (<78 days): 238 (3%) Dropout for 52-week (<359 days): 605 (23%)	Univariate	12-week + Socio-demographics: Being male + Behavioural: (i) Eat to ease emotional upset, (ii) Eat to reduce stress, (iii) Drink full sugar soft drinks, (iv) Skipping meals + Physical: Being obese - Socio-demographics: Age - Behavioural: (i) Eat breakfast, (ii) Drink ≥ 6 glasses of water/day, (iii) Use low fat products, (iv) Exercise ≥ 2 days/week 52-week + Behavioural: (i) Fry foods, (ii) Use butter for cooking, (iii) Skipping meals, (iv) Drink full sugar soft drinks, (v) Drink tea or coffee with sugar - Psychosocial: Motivation (≥1 health-related reason for weight loss) - Socio-demographics: Age - Behavioural: (i) Eat breakfast, (ii) Use low fat products, (iii) Exercise ≥ 2 days/week
Neve et al., 2010 [46]		Multivariate	12-week + Behavioural: (i) Eat to ease emotional upset, (ii) Skipping meals - Socio-demographics: Age - Behavioural: (i) Eat breakfast (iii) Exercise ≥ 2 days/week 52-week + Behavioural: Drink tea or coffee with sugar - Behavioural: Eat breakfast
Bradshaw et al., 2010 [37]	Dropout (<8/10 sessions): 50 (42%)	Univariate	- Socio-demographics: Education - Behavioural: Healthier nutrition behaviours
Bradshaw et al., 2010 [37]	Dropout (<8/10 sessions): 50 (42%)	Multivariate	- Behavioural: Healthier nutrition behaviours
Roumen et al., 2011 [31]	Dropout before 3 years: 32 (21.7%) * [50% from I group] # Result were similar when tested for intervention or control group separately	Univariate	+ Physical: (i) Baseline BMI, (ii) Glucose intolerance - Socio-demographics: Socioeconomic status - Physical: Aerobic fitness
Ahnis et al., 2012 [40]	Dropout at 12 months: 71 (43.3%) [Breakdown of dropout by 3-month period: 0–3 months: 23 (32.4%) 3–6 months: 17 (23.9%) 6–9 months: 19 (26.8%) 9–12 months: 12 (16.9%)] ^ Other indicators: Attendance (Average duration of treatment): 23.15 ± 4.31 weeks	Univariate	+ Psychosocial: (i) Perceived stress, (ii) Depression, (iii) Anxiety, (iv) Subjective complaints, (v) Pessimism,(vi) Avoidant coping + Socio-demographics: (i) No partners, (ii) Unemployed - Psychosocial: (i) Mood, (ii) Sense of coherence, (iii) Mental quality of life - Socio-demographics: Age
Ahnis et al., 2012 [40]		Multivariate	+ Psychosocial: (i) Tiredness, (ii) Self-efficacy, (iii) Pessimism, (iv) Positive reframing + Socio-demographics: Unemployed - Psychosocial: Support coping - Socio-demographics: Age
Toth-Capelli et al., 2013 [41]	Individual counselling sessions Dropout (<1 follow up): 327 (70.9%) ^ Other indicators ≥1 follow up visit (1–6 visits): 134 (29.1%)	Univariate	+ Socio-demographics: (i) Being African American, (ii) Being male, (iii) Presence of children at home
		Multivariate	+ Socio-demographics: (i) Being male, (ii) Presence of children at home
	Group class Drop-out (<1 class): 376 (81.5%) ^ Other indicators ≥1 class: 85 (18.5%)	Univariate	+ Socio-demographics: (i) Being African American or Hispanic, (ii) Part-time employment, (iii) Presence of children at home
		Multivariate	+ Socio-demographics: Part-time employment
Cresci et al., 2013 [42]	Drop-out (did not attend all 4 follow ups): 149 (56%)	Univariate	- Socio-demographics: Age - Behavioural: TRE-MORE sub score (current lifestyle habits)
Michelini et al., 2014 [32]	Overall Dropout: 44 (30%) [Breakdown: - Intervention group (<4 group meetings): 26 (39.7%) - Control group (<2 consecutive visits): 18 (24.7%)]	Univariate	+ Psychosocial: Stress + Behavioural: Previous weight loss attempt
Michelini et al., 2014 [32]		Multivariate	+ Psychosocial: Stress
Yackobovitch-Gavan et al., 2015 [43]	Dropout before week 9: 179 (30.5%)	Multivariate	- Physical: Reduction of BMI in initial stage of the program
Sawamoto et al., 2016 [44]	Drop-out (Did not complete 7-month weight loss phase): 29 (24.4%)	Univariate	+ Psychosocial: (i) History of mental disorders, (ii) Alexythimic (iii) Strong body shape concern, (iv) Perceived mothers overprotecting + Socio-demographics: Unemployed - Psychosocial: Maternal care
Sawamoto et al., 2016 [44]		Multivariate	+ Psychosocial: (i) Strong body shape concern + Socio-demographics: Unemployed - Psychosocial: (i) Parental bonding-Maternal care, (ii) Perfectionism- Organization score
Susin et al., 2016 [29]	Drop-out (Did not complete 3-month program): 81 (63.8%)	Univariate	+ Psychosocial: Stress + Socio-demographics: (i) Unemployed, (ii) No religion + Behavioural: Binge eating - Psychosocial: (i) Self-efficacy (diet); (ii) Motivation (readiness to change) - Socio-demographics: Age
Susin et al., 2016 [29]	Drop-out (Did not complete 3-month program): 81 (63.8%)	Multivariate	+ Psychosocial: Isolation and Depression + Socio-demographics: No religion + Behavioural: (i) Binge eating, (ii) No PA habit - Psychosocial: Self-efficacy (diet) - Socio-demographics: Age
Attendance
Helitzer et al., 2007 [33]	- High attenders (>3 sessions): 36 (48%) - Low attenders (<2 sessions): 39 (52%)	Univariate	+ Psychosocial: Action stage of change (mean of 7 health behaviours)
Toft et al., 2007 [30]	- High attendance (4–6 sessions): 410 (57.4%) - Low attendance (1–3 sessions): 304 (42.6%) ^ Other indicators Dropout (did not attend any): 183 (20.4%)	Multivariate	+ Psychosocial: (i) High perceived susceptibility of CVD, (ii) Self-rated care of own health + Physical: Screen-detected diabetes or glucose intolerance - Psychosocial: (i) Self-efficacy (diet), (ii) Motivation to increase PA - Physical: Baseline BMI
Mata et al., 2010 [47]	No. of weeks on current program Brigitte: 44.1 ± 172 weeks Weight watchers: 38.5 ± 45.3 weeks ^ Other indicators Dropout from study Brigitte: 63 (45.3%); Weight watchers: 80 (31.8%)	Multivariate	Brigitte: + Psychosocial: Self-efficacy - Behavioural: Previous weight loss attempts Weight watchers: - Psychosocial: Perceived rule complexity
Self-monitoring
Webber et al., 2010 [45]	No. of weeks of completion of food and exercise dairies over 16 weeks (≥5 per week) [# mean not reported]	Multivariate	+ Psychosocial: Autonomous motivation at week 4
Krukowski et al., 2013 [34]	% of weekly journals over 24 weeks (≥1 per week): 73%	Univariate	+ Socio-demographics: (i) Being male, (ii) Age
Steinberg et al., 2014 [35]	High completion (≥80%) of self-monitoring calls at 12-month: 52% ^ Other indicators Average proportion of participants who completed weekly calls over the no. of expected calls over 12-months: 71.6%	Univariate	+ Socio-demographics: (i) Education, (ii) Age
Dietary adherence
Aggarwal et al., 2010 [36]	Non-adherent to Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) diet (≥40 MEDFITS): 164 (36%) Non-adherent to TLC or Heart Healthy diet (≥70 MEDFITS): 42 (9%) # MEDFICTS: 0–216 points based on 8 food categories	Univariate	Non-adherent to TLC diet + Socio-demographics: Being male + Behavioural: Smoking ^# + Physical: (i) BMI ^#, (ii) WC ^# - Psychosocial: Stage of change ^# - Socio-demographics: Age - Behavioural: PA *^#	Non-adherent to TLC or Heart Healthy diet + Psychosocial: Depression ^# + Socio-demographics: Being male + Physical: (i) BMI ^#, (ii) WC ^# - Psychosocial: (i) Stage of change ^#, (ii) Social support - Behavioural: PA ^#
Aggarwal et al., 2010 [36]		Multivariate		- Psychosocial: Stage of change *^#

Key: + positive relationship; − negative relationship; PA Physical Activity; BMI Body Mass Index; WC Waist Circumference; * baseline only; ^# 1 year; *^# baseline and 1-year; ^ Factors associated with other indicators were not reported in the original studies.