Scheme of the physical and molecular changes during nodule development in pea, including the proposed positions of genes in the Nod LCO signaling pathway that influence a complex nonlinear network of transcription factors (TFs). A, Root hair curling. B, Infection thread formation. C, Developing nodule not visible to naked eye. D, Maturing nodules. E, Young mature nodule. All photographs show pea roots colonized with blue-stained lacZ-labeled rhizobia.