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Exposure to hypochlorite and MMS leads to an increase in PKC activity, phosphorylation (as dewtermined by IP of APE/Ref-1), and redox activity possessed by APE/Ref-1. (A) The conditions for exposure of HA–APE/Ref-1 transfected K562 cells to hypochlorite and MMS are described in Materials and Methods. Redox activity was measured by EMSA. (B) The techniques used here are described in Materials and Methods.
