Table 2. Sequences of the qRT-PCR primers.

Gene	Sequence
β-catenin	Upstream: 5′-GCTACTCAAGCTGATTTGATGGA-3′ Downstream: 5′-GGTAGTGGCACCAGAATGGATT-3′
GSK-3β	Upstream: 5′-AACACCAACAAGGGAGCAAA-3′ Downstream: 5′-GAGCGTGAGGAGGGATAAGG-3′
LC3	Upstream: 5′-GAGAAGCAGCTTCCTGTTCTGG-3′ Downstream: 5′-GTGTCCGTTCACCAACAGGAAG-3′
Beclin1	Upstream: 5′-AACCAGATGCGTTATGCCC-3′ Downstream: 5′-ATTGATTGTGCCAAACTGTCC-3′
GAPDH	Upstream: 5′-GGATTTGGTCGTATTGGG-3′ Downstream: 5′-GGAAGATGGTGATGGGATT-3′

qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR; GSK-3β: glycogen synthase kinase-3β; LC3: light chain 3; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.