Table 3.

Multivariate models of factors associated with chronic pain

Characteristic	Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR), full model (95% CI)	P-value, full model	AOR, reduced model (95% CI)	P-value, reduced model
Age
50–54	Ref	—	Ref	—
55–59	1.5 (0.8 – 2.9)	0.17	1.5 (0.8 – 2.8)	0.16a
60–64	0.8 (0.4 – 1.6)	0.50	0.9 (0.5 – 1.7)	0.75
65+	0.5 (0.2 – 1.2)	0.11	0.5 (0.2 – 1.1)	0.07
History of Abuseb
No abuse (verbal, physical, sexual)	Ref	—	Ref	—
Abuse	2.5 (1.4 – 4.7)	0.003	2.4 (1.3 – 4.3)	0.004
Health History
Traumatic Brain Injuryc
No Traumatic Brain Injury	Ref	—
Traumatic Brain Injury	1.3 (0.8 – 2.1)	0.38
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorderd
No PTSD	Ref	—	Ref	—
PTSD	2.0 (1.1 – 3.4)	0.02	2.2 (1.4 – 3.7)	0.002
Depressione
No Depressive Symptoms	Ref	—
Mild to Severe Depressive Symptoms	0.9 (0.5 – 1.6)	0.76
Anxietyf
No Anxiety	Ref	—
Anxiety	1.6 (1.0 – 2.8)	0.07
Arthritisg
No Arthritis	Ref	—	Ref	—
Arthritis	4.6 (2.8 – 7.6)	<0.001	4.8 (3.0 – 7.8)	<0.001

Note: Chronic pain defined as Brief Pain Inventory self-rated pain (1 to 10) score of ≥5 lasting over 3 months.

^aOverall, Type 3 p-value for age = 0.03

^bHistory of Abuse defined as experiencing emotional abuse, physical abuse, or sexual abuse at any age

^cTraumatic Brain Injury defined as self-report of any past head injury resulting in loss of consciousness

^dPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder defined as Primary Care PTSD Screen (PC-PTSD) score of ≥3

^eMild to Severe Depressive Symptoms defined as Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) score of ≥16

^fAnxiety defined as self-report of having ever experienced serious anxiety

^gArthritis defined as self-report of a past diagnosis of arthritis by a medical provider