Table 3.
Unadjusted comparison between survivors and non-survivorsa
| Characteristics | Non-survivorsb (n = 284) | Survivorsb (n = 1668) | Odds ratioc (95%CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | ||||
| Neonate (< 1 month) | 56 (20) | 414 (25) | 0.91 (0.64, 1.30) | 0.61 |
| Infant (1 month up to 1 year) | 79 (28) | 390 (23) | 1.37 (0.99, 1.89) | 0.06 |
| Child (1 year to 12 year) | 92 (32) | 620 (37) | Reference | – |
| Adolescent (> 12 years) | 57 (20) | 244 (15) | 1.57 (1.10, 2.26) | 0.01 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 144 (51) | 926 (56) | Reference | – |
| female | 140 (49) | 742 (44) | 1.21 (0.94, 1.56) | 0.13 |
| Illness category | ||||
| Medical cardiac | 47 (17) | 117 (7) | 2.57 (1.76, 3.76) | < 0.001 |
| Medical non-cardiac | 148 (52) | 948 (57) | Reference | – |
| Surgical cardiac | 27 (10) | 109 (7) | 1.59 (1.01, 2.50) | 0.05 |
| Surgical non-cardiac | 35 (12) | 295 (18) | 0.76 (0.51, 1.12) | 0.17 |
| Newborn | 26 (9) | 193 (12) | 0.86 (0.55, 1.35) | 0.52 |
| Pre-existing conditions | ||||
| Cyanotic cardiac malformation | 31 (13) | 93 (6) | 2.21 (1.44, 3.41) | < 0.001 |
| Acyanotic cardiac malformation | 15 (6) | 71 (5) | 1.32 (0.75, 2.35) | 0.34 |
| Non-cardiac congenital malformation | 34 (14) | 181 (12) | 1.18 (0.80, 1.76) | 0.40 |
| CHF this admission | 13 (5) | 41 (3) | 2.01 (1.06, 3.81) | 0.03 |
| Hypotension | 46 (19) | 66 (5) | 5.09 (3.39, 7.63) | < 0.001 |
| Acute stroke | 1 (0) | 12 (1) | 0.51 (0.07, 3.95) | 0.52 |
| Acute non-stroke neurological event | 24 (10) | 220 (15) | 0.64 (0.41, 0.99) | 0.05 |
| Pneumonia | 23 (10) | 119 (8) | 1.21 (0.76, 1.94) | 0.42 |
| Septicemia | 38 (16) | 88 (6) | 2.98 (1.98, 4.48) | < 0.001 |
| Major trauma | 13 (5) | 98 (7) | 0.81 (0.45, 1.46) | 0.48 |
| None of the above | 66 (28) | 655 (45) | 0.48 (0.35, 0.64) | < 0.001 |
| Location of the event | ||||
| Emergency department | 44 (15) | 324 (19) | 1.10 (0.74, 1.63) | 0.65 |
| Floor with telemetry/step-down unit | 19 (7) | 115 (7) | 1.33 (0.77, 2.30) | 0.30 |
| Floor without telemetry | 72 (25) | 581 (35) | Reference | – |
| Intensive care unit | 117 (41) | 376 (23) | 2.51 (1.82, 3.46) | < 0.001 |
| OR/PACU/procedural area | 14 (5) | 161 (10) | 0.70 (0.39, 1.28) | 0.25 |
| Other | 18 (6) | 11 (7) | 1.31 (0.75, 2.28) | 0.34 |
| Time of the event | ||||
| Year | 0.92d (0.88, 0.96) | < 0.001 | ||
| 2005 – 2006 | 74 (26) | 356 (21) | ||
| 2007 – 2008 | 61 (21) | 278 (17) | ||
| 2009 – 2010 | 70 (25) | 403 (24) | ||
| 2011 – 2012 | 51 (18) | 352 (21) | ||
| 2013 – 2014 | 28 (10) | 279 (17) | ||
| Time of week | ||||
| Weekday (Monday – Friday) | 220 (77) | 1241 (74) | Reference | – |
| Weekend (Saturday – Sunday) | 64 (23) | 427 (26) | 0.85 (0.63, 1.14) | 0.27 |
| Time of day | ||||
| Day (7:00am – 10:59 pm) | 192 (72) | 1218 (77) | Reference | – |
| Night (11pm – 6:59am) | 75 (28) | 360 (23) | 1.32 (0.99, 1.77) | 0.06 |
| Event characteristics | ||||
| Monitored | 241 (85) | 1321 (79) | 1.46 (1.03, 2.06) | 0.03 |
| Hospital wide response activated | 121 (43) | 936 (56) | 0.58 (0.45, 0.75) | < 0.001 |
| Vascular access in place | 214 (75) | 1182 (71) | 1.25 (0.94, 1.67) | 0.13 |
| Supplemental oxygen in place | 163 (63) | 759 (51) | 1.64 (1.25, 2.15) | < 0.001 |
| Rhythm at start of event | ||||
| Bradycardia | 64 (29) | 234 (20) | 1.70 (1.22, 2.35) | 0.002 |
| Sinus (including sinus tachycardia) | 148 (67) | 917 (78) | Reference | – |
| Other | 9 (4) | 25 (2) | 2.23 (1.02, 4.87) | 0.04 |
| Breathing pattern | ||||
| Breathing | 148 (57) | 977 (62) | Reference | – |
| Not breathing | 65 (25) | 416 (26) | 1.03 (0.75, 1.41) | 0.85 |
| Agonal | 47 (18) | 186 (12) | 1.67 (1.16, 2.40) | 0.006 |
| Patient conscious | 131 (57) | 862 (64) | 0.76 (0.57, 1.01) | 0.06 |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||
| Hospital type | ||||
| Primarily adult | 139 (50) | 852 (52) | Reference | – |
| Primarily pediatric | 138 (50) | 791 (48) | 1.08 (0.84, 1.39) | 0.57 |
| Number of beds | ||||
| < 250 | 15 (5) | 191 (12) | 0.48 (0.27, 0.83) | 0.009 |
| 250 – 499 | 148 (53) | 898 (55) | Reference | – |
| ≥ 500 | 115 (41) | 554 (34) | 1.26 (0.97, 1.64) | 0.09 |
| Teaching status | ||||
| Non-teaching | 12 (4) | 171 (10) | 0.35(0.19, 0.65) | < 0.001 |
| Minor teaching | 47 (17) | 371 (23) | 0.64 (0.46, 0.90) | 0.009 |
| Major teaching | 218 (79) | 1100 (67) | Reference | – |
a
CHF denotes chronic heart failure, OR operating room, PACU post-anesthesia care unit
b
All variables are reported as counts (frequencies)
c
Odds ratio for in-hospital mortality
d
Odds ratio per year