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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Vasc Surg. 2017 Mar 1;67(3):910–921. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.01.021

Figure 7. Mechanisms linking autophagy, HMGB1 and inflammasome signaling.

Figure 7

A proposed mechanism linking autophagy, inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release from myoblasts is shown. It is known that HMGB1 requires acetylation to leave the nucleus, which can be facilitated by histone deacetylases and JAK-STAT signaling. It is also known that in other cell types, inflammasomes activate caspase-1 and initiates release of HMGB1 as well as IL1-β and IL-18. Lysosomal disruption with agents like CQ may initiate inflammasome activation, and promote the release of HMGB1 from myoblasts. This is a novel area of investigation in PAD.