Table 1.
Clinical Data and Results
| n (%) | Responder | Nonresponder | P Value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients | 85 (100) | ||||
| Female | 53 (62.4) | 18 (52.9) | 35 (68.6) | ||
| Male | 32 (37.6) | 16 (47.1) | 16 (31.4) | >.1 | |
| Response | 34 (40.0) | ||||
| Nonresponse | 51 (60.0) | ||||
| Psychotropic comedication | |||||
| Antidepressants | |||||
| SSRI | 47 (55.3) | 16 (47.1) | 31 (60.8) | >.1 | |
| SNRI | 21 (24.7) | 12 (35.3) | 9 (17.6) | .65 | |
| TCA | 9 (10.6) | 4 (11.8) | 5 (9.8) | >.1 | |
| NDRI | 4 (4.7) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (7.8) | .94 | |
| Valdoxan | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) | >.1 | |
| NaSSA | 12 (14.1) | 5 (14.7) | 7 (13.7) | >.1 | |
| MAO-I | 2 (2.4) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (1.9) | >.1 | |
| Atypical antipsychotics | 22 (25.9) | 9 (26.5) | 13 (25.5) | >.1 | |
| Antiepileptic drugs | 8 (9.4) | 2 (5.9) | 6 (11.8) | >.1 | |
| Benzodiazepines | 19 (22.4) | 10 (29.4) | 9 (17.6) | >.1 | |
| Low-potency antipsychotics | 4 (4.7) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (7.8) | .94 | |
| Mean (SD) | Responder mean (SD) | Nonresponder mean (SD) | P Value** | ||
| Age | 85 (100) | 48.31 ± 15.27 | 50.00 ± 15.56 | 47.18 ± 15.12 | >.1 |
| Lithium serum level (mmol/L) last visit | 77 (90.6) | 0.713 ± 0.152 | 0.704 ± 0.146 | 0.719 ± 0.157 | >.1 |
| HRDS-17 score baseline | 85 (100) | 21.32 ± 5.03 | 19.73 ± 4.94 | 22.35 ± 4.85 | >.1 |
| HDRS-17 score last visit | 85 (100) | 12.84 ± 7.59 | 5.79 ± 2.95 | 17.53 ± 5.91 | <.01 |
| BMI baseline | 84 (98.8) | 25.54 ± 5.74 | 26.27 ± 6.26 | 26.64 ± 6.14 | >.1 |
| BMI last visit | 85 (100) | 26.00 ± 5.69 | 25.15 ± 5.44 | 25.58 ± 5.39 | >.1 |
| Ghrelin serum level (ng/mL) baseline | 84 (98.8) | 5.71 ± 6.20 | 6.50 ± 5.44 | 5.46 ± 4.90 | >.1 |
| Ghrelin serum level (ng/mL) last visit | 85 (100) | 6.42 ± 6.99 | 5.12 ± 6.71 | 7.05 ± 8.07 | <.05 |
| Before lithium augmentation | After lithium augmentation | P Value*** | |||
| Ghrelin serum level (ng/mL) | 84 (98.8) | 5.71 ± 6.20 | 85 (100) | 6.42 ± 6.99 | <.05 |
| Ghrelin serum level (ng/mL) responder | 36 (42.9) | 6.50 ± 5.44 | 36 (42.4) | 5.46 ± 4.90 | >.1 |
| Ghrelin serum level (ng/mL) nonresponder | 48 (57.1) | 5.12 ± 6.71 | 49 (57.6) | 7.05 ± 8.07 | <.05 |
| HRDS-17 score | 85 (100) | 21.32 ± 5.03 | 85 (100) | 12.84 ± 7.59 | <.05 |
| BMI | 84 (98.8) | 25.54 ± 5.74 | 85 (100) | 26.00 ± 5.69 | <.05+ |
| BMI responder | 34 (40.4) | 26.27 ± 6.26 | 34 (40.0) | 26.64 ± 6.14 | .052 |
| BMI nonresponder | 50 (59.5) | 25.15 ± 5.44 | 51 (60.0) | 25.58 ± 5.39 | <.05 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDRS-17, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; MAO-I, mono amine oxidase inhibitor (tranylcypromine); NaSSA, noradrenergic and specifically serotonergic antidepressant (mirtazapine); NDRI, norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor (bupropione); reuptake inhibitor; SNRI, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant.
*Result of Chi-square test; **results of independent t test; all parameters were normally distributed;
***results of paired sample t test; all parameters were normally distributed; the comparison of ghrelin and BMI before and after lithium augmentation (LA) was conducted with 84 patients, whereas mean and SD for the observation after LA are displayed for 85 patients in this table to present all data that were used for linear mixed model analysis.
+No significant effect of response on the course of BMI during LA was found in an ANOVA-rm (P>.05).