Table 3.

Change in Neuropsychological Measures From Cycle 1 to Cycle 2 in Adults with Down syndrome

	No Control for Age			Controlling for Age
	Cycle 1	Cycle 2
Measure	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	t - value	Estimate (SE)	t - value
Vineland	183.67 (47.65)	170.17 (49.81)	−3.67**	−15.61 (3.96)	−3.94***
Free Recall	16.57 (6.15)	17.81 (6.47)	1.54	0.25 (0.70)	0.35
Free and Cued Recall	33.02 (5.37)	31.73 (5.34)	−1.76	−1.94 (0.63)	−3.08**
Cued Recall Intrusions	2.21 (3.29)	3.19 (3.81)	2.00*	1.57 (0.45)	3.52***
Block Design	27.43 (9.08)	26.79 (9.88)	−0.74	−1.63(0. 86)	−1.90+
Severe Impairment Battery	46.64 (3.62)	46.38(4.29)	−0.57	−0.48 (0.49)	−0.99
Visual Attention Time	82.59 (41.49)	86.50 (49.81)	0.70	10.18 (5.46)	1.86 +
Visual Attention Accuracy	18.00 (3.14)	18.09 (3.08)	0.16	−0.29 (0.42)	−0.69
Verbal Fluency Number	24.25 (9.06)	20.80 (9.15)	−2.93**	−4.30 (1.10)	−3.92***
Verbal Fluency Repetition	2.49 (2.53)	3.05 (3.37)	1.33	0.43 (0.44)	0.97
Purdue Pegboard - Single Hands	14.93 (3.41)	13.93 (3.73)	−2.70**	−1.55 (0.33)	−4.97***
Purdue Pegboard - Both Hands	5.43 (1.94)	4.56 (1.89)	−4.25***	−1.02 (0.20)	−5.12***
Story Recall Initial	2.25(2.07)	2.64 (2.26)	1.68	0.17 (0.23)	0.73
Story Recall Initial - Delayed	3.25 (2.79)	3.52 (3.06)	0.55	0.17 (0.28)	0.61
Expressive One Word	75.73 (24.18)	72. 89 (24.59)	−1.93 +	−4.70 (1.42)	−3.31**
PPVT age equivalent	97.14 (40.13)	94.39 (39.11)	−0.90	−4.33 (3.10)	−1.40
Rivermead Picture Recognition	6.06 (3.27)	5.79 (3.50)	−0.68	−0.57 (0.41)	−1.39
VMI	17.36 (2.89)	16.89 (2.88)	−1.36	−0.68 (0.32)	−2.10*
Cat Dog Switch Errors	2.02 (3.79)	2.07 (3.75)	0.10	0.48 (0.46)	1.04
Cat Dog Switch Time	10.04 (8.45)	9.69 (9.57)	−0.22	−0.55 (1.38)	−040
Corsi Forward	11.93 (7.98)	12.32 (7.95)	0.38	−0.25 (0.96)	−0.26
Corsi Backward	4.04 (4.13)	3.75 (4.65)	−0.53	−0.68 (0.70)	−0.97
Digits Span Forward	11.63 (6.99)	11.89 (7.65)	0.36	−0.25 (0.76)	−0.34
Digits Span Backward	4.89 (4.98)	4.96 (5.61)	0.13	0.35 (0.73)	0.48

Note.

⁺p < .10;

^*p ≤.05;

^**p ≤ .10;

^***p ≤.001. When controlling for chronological age, estimate represents change for a participant at age 40 years with mean Cycle 1 score. As follow-up, analyses were re-run excluding individuals with floor level (i.e., lowest possible score) scores at Cycle 1 as these individuals would not be able to show decline. The pattern of significant results remained the same.