Table 5.
Change in Cognitive Functioning by PiB Category Group (consistently PiB−, consistently PiB+, and converted PiB− to PiB+) from Cycle 1 to Cycle 2.
| PiB − to PiB − | PiB + to PiB+ | PiB − to PiB + | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||
| Cycle 1 | Cycle 2 | Cycle 1 | Cycle 2 | Cycle 1 | Cycle 2 | No Control for Age | Controlling for Age | ||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Measure | N | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | F value | F value |
| Vineland | 31 | 190.97 (49.00) | 181.29 (48.78) | 13 | 171.77 (43.85) | 159.69 (54.89) | 6 | 164.17 (26.70) | 141.50 (25.87) | 0.71 | 0.81 |
| Free Recall | 31 | 17.68 (6.15) | 20.13 (5.17) | 12 | 14.17 (5.25) | 12.50 (6.67) | 6 | 14.00 (6.90) | 18.00 (7.43) | 3.39* | 1.78 |
| Free and Cued recall | 31 | 33.19 (6.36) | 33.87 (3.00) | 12 | 32.50 (4.27) | 27.83 (5.97) | 5 | 34.20 (2.05) | 31.80 (6.14) | 6.13** | 5.69** |
| Cued Recall intrusion | 31 | 1.94 (3.15) | 1.65 (1.96) | 12 | 2.75 (4.27) | 6.25 (4.71) | 5 | 1.80 (2.05) | 2.20 (2.28) | 6.44** | 5.84** |
| Block Design Total | 31 | 29.77 (9.61) | 30.45 (8.90) | 14 | 27.29 (7.73) | 23.29 (9.08) | 6 | 22.33 (7.17) | 25.83 (8.38) | 4 77** | 2.33+ |
| Severe Impairment Battery | 31 | 47.10 (3.38) | 47.32 (3.02) | 14 | 45.71 (3.58) | 45.14 (5.35) | 6 | 47.17 (4.07) | 47.33 (3.08) | 0.26 | 0.27 |
| Visual Attention Time | 31 | 71.06 (34.70) | 71.87 (43.42) | 14 | 104.57 (43.22) | 110.21 (43.08) | 6 | 87.33 (47.31) | 81.33 (37.76) | 0.26 | 0.28 |
| Visual Attention Accuracy | 31 | 18.16 (3.08) | 18.65 (1.52) | 14 | 17.36 (4.07) | 16.86 (5.48) | 6 | 19.50 (0.84) | 18.50 (1.87) | 0.47 | 0.17 |
| Verbal Fluency Number | 31 | 24.84 (8.29) | 22.94 (8.97) | 13 | 21.38 (8.35) | 18.00 (8.91) | 6 | 27.33 (12.61) | 19.00 (7.27) | 1.46 | 0.65 |
| Verbal Fluency Repetitions | 31 | 2.35 (2.43) | 2.71 (2.75) | 13 | 2.69 (3.15) | 3.46 (4.98) | 6 | 3.00 (2.53) | 3.33 (1.51) | 0.09 | 1.12 |
| Purdue Pegboard - Single Hands | 30 | 15.37 (3.74) | 15.23 (3.11) | 13 | 14.54 (2.47) | 12.46 (3.38) | 6 | 15.67 (3.83) | 14.00 (3.29) | 3.23* | 0.42 |
| Purdue Pegboard - Both Hands | 30 | 5.93 (1.89) | 4.90 (1.84) | 13 | 5.15 (1.86) | 4.23 (1.88) | 6 | 5.17 (1.60) | 4.83 (1.72) | 0.54 | 1.03 |
| Story Recall Initial | 31 | 2.58 (2.17) | 3.16 (1.90) | 14 | 1.57 (2.06) | 1.71 (2.13) | 6 | 2.50 (1.52) | 3.00 (2.68) | 0.34 | 0.03 |
| Story Recall Initial - Delayed | 31 | 3.68 (2.96) | 3.94 (2.98) | 14 | 3.00 (2.88) | 2.71 (3.02) | 6 | 2.83 (1.72) | 3.50 (2.59) | 0.18 | 0.00 |
| Expressive One Word | 31 | 80.77 (25.18) | 80.58 (22.33) | 14 | 68.00 (22.05) | 63.07 (25.16) | 6 | 68.83 (18.16) | 63.17 (21.48) | 1.37 | 0.39 |
| PPVT age equivalent | 31 | 104.68 (46.84) | 104.13 (43.08) | 14 | 90.43 (28.17) | 85.93 (32.42) | 6 | 93.00 (27.48) | 84.50 (34.60) | 0.37 | 0.35 |
| Rivermead Picture Recognition | 31 | 6.45 (3.42) | 5.97 (3.55) | 14 | 4.29 (3.24) | 4.14 (3.44) | 6 | 7.33 (3.08) | 6.17 (3.66) | 0.38 | 0.82 |
| VMI | 31 | 17.87 (3.03) | 17.71 (2.84) | 14 | 17.21 (2.99) | 16.21 (2.49) | 6 | 16.17 (1.47) | 15.33 (1.51) | 0.79 | 2.06 |
| Cat Dog Switch Errors | 30 | 1.00 (2.39) | 0.83 (1.98) | 14 | 2.29 (4.03) | 3.21 (5.77) | 6 | 4.33 (6.74) | 1.50 (1.76) | 1.78 | 0.86 |
| Cat Dog Switch Time | 30 | 9.63 (8.11) | 9.50 (9.80) | 14 | 13.07 (10.47) | 9.71 (11.13) | 6 | 7.83 (6.49) | 12.50 (7.18) | 1.00 | 0.40 |
| Corsi Forward | 31 | 13.58 (8.76) | 14.71 (7.28) | 14 | 12.21 (7.08) | 9.43 (6.56) | 6 | 6.83 (6.37) | 13.50 (11.64) | 3.28* | 1.74 |
| Corsi Backward | 31 | 4.26 (3.93) | 5.06 (5.38) | 13 | 4.31 (4.33) | 2.38 (2.43) | 6 | 4.00 (6.20) | 2.33 (4.08) | 2.43+ | 2.83+ |
| Digits Forward | 31 | 13.00 (7.65) | 14.03 (8.51) | 14 | 11.00 (6.42) | 9.86 (5.45) | 6 | 7.67 (3.83) | 10.17 (7.08) | 1.12 | 0.43 |
| Digits Backward | 31 | 5.94 (5.40) | 5.97 (6.49) | 14 | 3.57 (4.88) | 3.64 (3.59) | 6 | 4.33 (3.20) | 5.83 (5.31) | 0.31 | 1.92 |
Note.
+
= p < .10;
*
= p ≤ .05;
**
p ≤ .01;
***
p ≤ .001.
F values for overall ANOVA or ANCOVA using the three groups for change in neuropsychological measure across cycles. Bonferroni pairwise post-hoc comparisons indicated PiB− to PiB− group differed from PiB+ to PiB+ group at p <.05 in all significant analyses. As a follow-up, analyses were re-run excluding individuals with floor level (i.e., lowest possible score) scores at Cycle 1 as these individuals would not be able to show decline. The pattern of significant results remained the same.