Table 4.
Crude and adjusted each one-unit increase hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for disability pension in 2001–2013 following internalizing and externalizing behavior problems during childhood and adolescence
| Scale | Crude model for all individuals | Adjusted model for all individuals | Conditional model for discordant twin pairs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | HR (95% CI) | n | HRa (95% CI) | n | HRb (95% CI) | |
| Internalizing problems | ||||||
| Anxiety/depressed | ||||||
| Wave 1 | 2074 | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) | 1792 | 1.07 (0.97–1.17) | 99 | 1.09 (0.94–1.28) |
| Wave 2 | 2155 | 1.10 (1.05–1.16) | 1876 | 1.13 (1.08–1.20) | 87 | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) |
| Wave 3 | 2247 | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) | 1992 | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) | 88 | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) |
| Wave 4 | 1596 | 1.16 (1.10–1.22) | 1398 | 1.16 (1.08–1.24) | 57 | 1.31 (0.97–1.76) |
| Withdrawn/depressed | ||||||
| Wave 1 | 2078 | 1.35 (1.17–1.56) | 1796 | 1.31 (1.07–1.61) | 99 | 1.67 (1.09–2.56) |
| Wave 2 | 2172 | 1.23 (1.10–1.38) | 1889 | 1.27 (1.11–1.45) | 90 | 1.35 (1.04–1.74) |
| Wave 3 | 2256 | 1.20 (1.07–1.34) | 1999 | 1.27 (1.12–1.44) | 89 | 1.13 (0.92–1.39) |
| Wave 4 | 1598 | 1.34 (1.19–1.52) | 1400 | 1.31 (1.12–1.53) | 59 | 1.08 (0.82–1.43) |
| Somatic complaints | ||||||
| Wave 1 | 2083 | 1.18 (0.99–1.41) | 1801 | 1.06 (0.81–1.39) | 99 | 1.26 (0.78–2.03) |
| Wave 2 | 2143 | 1.10 (0.99–1.23) | 1863 | 1.10 (0.96–1.25) | 87 | 1.24 (0.92–1.68) |
| Wave 3 | 2235 | 1.10 (1.00–1.24) | 1982 | 1.15 (1.02–1.28) | 87 | 1.25 (0.95–1.64) |
| Wave 4 | 1609 | 1.19 (1.09–1.31) | 1410 | 1.21 (1.08–1.37) | 59 | 1.39 (0.96–2.00) |
| Externalizing problems | ||||||
| Rule-breaking behavior | ||||||
| Wave 1 | 2073 | 1.04 (0.87–1.25) | 1791 | 1.08 (0.85–1.38) | 99 | 0.70 (0.43–1.15) |
| Wave 2 | 2153 | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 1869 | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) | 89 | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) |
| Wave 3 | 2243 | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 1988 | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | 87 | 0.94 (0.72–1.22) |
| Wave 4 | 1596 | 1.17 (1.01–1.35) | 1398 | 1.02 (0.79–1.32) | 57 | 1.18 (0.80–1.72) |
| Aggressive behavior | ||||||
| Wave 1 | 2074 | 1.01 (0.95–1.06) | 1792 | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 99 | 0.86 (0.75–0.99) |
| Wave 2 | 2153 | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 1873 | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 86 | 1.06 (0.93–1.22) |
| Wave 3 | 2245 | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 1991 | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | 88 | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) |
| Wave 4 | 1596 | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 1398 | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) | 57 | 1.21 (0.88–1.67) |
Significant estimates in bold
aAdjusted for sex and parental education
bAdjusted for familial factors by the analyses of discordant twin pairs