Table 1.
Sample Characteristics of Healthy Controls and First-Degree Relatives of Schizophrenia (SCZ), Bipolar Disorder (BD), and Major Depressive Disorder Patients
| Controls (n = 309) | SCZ Relatives (n = 62) | BD Relatives (n = 66) | MDD Relatives (n = 90) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and MRI-related characteristics | |||||
| Sex (female/male) | 159/150 | 40/22 | 40/26 | 58/32 | .056 |
| Site (Bonn/Mannheim/Berlin) | 137/87/85 | 18/22/22 | 33/15/18 | 36/30/24 | .266 |
| Handedness (right/left/both) | 279/23/6 | 51/7/3 | 60/5/1 | 82/6/2 | .713 |
| Smoking (never/former/current) | 119/73/93 | 28/9/18 | 33/13/12 | 41/17/18 | .166 |
| Age (y) | 33.2 (9.9) | 32.7 (12.4) | 32.2 (12.2) | 28.3 (9) | <.001* |
| Education (y) | 15.5 (2.6) | 15.2 (2.5) | 16 (2.7) | 15.4 (2.4) | .325 |
| Kinshipa (parent/child/sibling) | 8/23/29 | 1/10/50 | 2/21/62 | <.001* | |
| 2-back accuracy (percent correct) | 78 (19) | 71 (21) | 76 (20) | 78 (18) | .078 |
| 2-back response time (ms) | 472.3 (292.2) | 506.9 (287.5) | 459.9 (262) | 427.6 (258.5) | .372 |
| Movement: abs. translation (mm) | 5.23 (3.66) | 6.56 (5.48) | 5.69 (3.82) | 4.84 (3.11) | .039* |
| Movement: abs. rotation (degrees) | 4.43 (4.15) | 5.44 (4.99 | 5.00 (5.69) | 4.19 (3.51) | .252 |
| Movement: power’s FD | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.16 (0.09) | 0.15 (0.08) | 0.13 (0.06) | .046* |
| Signal-to-noise-ratiob | 94.95 (16.70) | 90.24 (18.97) | 93.63 (17.14) | 96.23 (17.31) | .219 |
| Signal-to-fluctuation-noise-ratiob | 323.58 (89.95) | 305.63 (109.80) | 323.61 (88.75) | 336.08 (90.23) | .264 |
| (Neuro-)psychology (n per group) | |||||
| MWTB (300/59/64/82) | 59.55 (7.40) | 58.25 (8.09) | 62.14 (8.44) | 60.68 (7.41) | .021* |
| SPQ (300/61/63/84) | 8.98 (7.86) | 11.08 (10.80) | 9.68 (6.96) | 10.93 (9.51) | .137 |
| SCL-90-R Somatization (298/61/61/82) | 45.55 (7.76) | 48.39 (9.44) | 45.82 (8.42) | 47.38 (7.48) | .039* |
| SCL-90-R Obsessive-compulsive (298/61/61/82) | 47.14 (7.81) | 47.74 (10.08) | 46.00 (8.77) | 47.22 (8.30) | .694 |
| SCL-90-R Interpersonal sensitivity (298/61/61/82) | 45.32 (7.40) | 46.34 (9.40) | 45.82 (8.97) | 46.70 (8.23) | .502 |
| SCL-90-R Depression (295/61/61/82) | 45.33 (7.75) | 47.11 (10.09) | 45.44 (9.28) | 47.00 (8.19) | .236 |
| SCL-90-R Anxiety (295/61/61/82) | 45.72 (6.90) | 47.57 (8.98) | 45.66 (8.12) | 46.34 (6.51) | .311 |
| SCL-90-R Hostility (291/61/61/84) | 45.90 (6.85) | 46.75 (8.20) | 46.56 (7.19) | 44.82 (10.25) | .421 |
| SCL-90-R Phobic anxiety (297/61/61/85) | 46.25 (4.67) | 46.54 (5.64) | 45.75 (4.41) | 43.82 (9.39) | .006* |
| SCL-90-R Paranoid ideation (298/61/61/83) | 44.81 (8.64) | 45.90 (8.71) | 45.44 (7.38) | 43.80 (8.97) | .480 |
| SCL-90-R Psychoticism (295/61/61/82) | 45.44 (5.83) | 47.44 (8.63) | 46.02 (7.03) | 45.55 (6.62) | .176 |
| TMT-A (301/61/64/87) | 24.48 (7.78) | 25.38 (8.57) | 26.89 (9.08) | 23.49 (8.75) | .071 |
| TMT-B (301/61/64/87) | 52.37 (17.25) | 58.91 (20.78) | 54.38 (17.78) | 50.99 (23.40) | .057 |
| Volumetric data (n per group) | |||||
| Hippocampus volumec (299/58/56/78) | 0.64 (0.06) | 0.65 (0.04) | 0.64 (0.04) | 0.65 (0.05) | .135 |
| DLPFC volumec (299/58/56/78) | 0.50 (0.07) | 0.51 (0.07) | 0.53 (0.07) | 0.50 (0.06) | .018* |
Note: DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; FD, frame-wise displacement; MWTB, multiple-choice vocabulary test (T-transformed); SPQ, schizotypical personality questionnaire; SCL-90, symptom checklist 90 (T-transformed); TMT, trail making test. Categorical variables are reported as numbers of cases (note that not all categorical variables were available for all cases). Continuous variables are reported as mean and SD, and the numbers of available datasets per group were added in case of missing data. P values are based on an analyses of variance model with group as factor of interest. In case of significant group differences (denoted with *), we performed post hoc t tests and reported the results in the main text.
See supplementary materials for details on kinship.
See supplementary materials for details on scanner performance metrics.
Average grey matter volume equivalents, see supplementary materials for details on methods.