Table 2.

Odds Ratio Estimates for Risk of Being Dispensed Opioid Pain Relievers for 365 days or more in 2-year, Post-Fusion Follow-Up Period

Variable	% Dispensed > 365 Days OPR	OR Estimate	95% CI	P-value
Demographics
Age (n=2459)	49.95 (8.92)	0.99	0.98–0.99	0.0001
Male	1025 (27.89%)	1	Reference
Female	1433 (30.48%)	1.02	0.89–1.16	0.77
Region
South	1344 (30.48%)	1	Reference
Midwest	613 (26.58%)	0.88	0.75–1.03	0.10
Northeast	145 (29.96%)	1.04	0.79–1.38	0.77
West	354 (30.20%)	0.98	0.80–1.19	0.82
Fusion Type
Posterior Fusion	1557 (28.57%)	1	Reference
Anterior Fusion	235 (29.71%)	0.79	0.63–0.99	0.04
360 Fusion	403 (32.76%)	1.18	0.98–1.41	0.09
OPMI Fusion	263 (29.03%)	0.87	0.70–1.08	0.20
Indication
Degenerative	2030 (28.43%)	1	Reference
Post-Laminectomy	153 (39.13%)	1.14	0.85–1.52	0.38
Re-Fusion	189 (38.65%)	1.32	1.02–1.72	0.04
Other	86 (24.16%)	1.25	0.89–1.75	0.21
Comorbidity
Elixhauser Score
0	1036 (24.50%)	1	Reference
1	723 (31.06%)	1.12	0.96–1.31	0.17
2+	699 (38.41%)	1.15	0.97–1.37	0.11
Depression	458 (49.51%)	1.43	1.18–1.74	<0.001
Obesity	130 (38.12%)	0.91	0.67–1.23	0.53
Smoking	189 (48.46%)	1.12	0.91–1.58	0.21
OPR Use Pre-Fusion
Quintile 1: 0	29 (2.18%)	1	Reference
Quintile 2: 1–22 days	86 (4.87%)	2.274	1.48–3.49	<0.001
Quintile 3: 23–72 days	213 (12.03%)	5.939	4.00–8.83	<0.001
Quintile 4: 73–250 days	651 (37.22%)	25.305	17.26–37.10	<0.001
Quintile 5: 250+	1479 (84.03%)	219.946	148.53–325.71	<0.001