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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Aspects Med. 2017 Mar 3;58:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.03.001

Table 3.

Counter-Regulate & Reduce Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

  • Prostaglandins (COX-2 expression) and leukotrienes (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4)

  • PAF formation and actions

  • Chemokines and cytokines (TNFa, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, etc.)

  • NF-kB associated gene products

  • Growth factors (VEGF)

  • Extracellular ROS

  • Edema

  • Reduce Pain