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. 2017 Aug 30;8:1050. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01050

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Copyright © 2017 Zhang, Ma, Shah, Mackensen, Lo, Mathew, Podgoreanu and Terrando.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Microglial activation after cardiopulmonary bypass/deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and ANXA1sp or vehicle treatment. ANXA1sp significantly improved microglial morphology both in the hippocampus (A) and cerebral cortex (B) 24 h after CPB/DHCA. (C,D) Microglial morphology was quantified based on four morphological subtypes: 1. round/amoeboid microglia; 2. stout microglia; 3. microglia with thick long processes; and 4. microglia with thin ramified processes. (E) Overall microglial numbers in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were reduced after surgery in ANXA1sp-treated rats. Scale bar: 20 µm. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3–5 slides/tissue section from five rats per group). *P < 0.05 compared to vehicle controls, analyzed with two-way ANOVA Sidak’s multiple comparisons test (C,D) and **P < 0.01 with unpaired t test (E).