Table 3.
Comparison of raw scores of executive performance for deficit schizophrenia (DS) versus non-deficit schizophrenia (NDS) patients.
| Aspects of executive functions | Tests and index | DS (n = 70) M (SD) | NDS (n = 78) M (SD) | t | p | d | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concept formation | WCST PR | 37.31 (23.58) | 28.48 (22.26) | 2.35 | 0.020 | 0.39 | Small |
| WCST PE | 39.39 (24.16) | 30.46 (22.66) | 2.32 | 0.022 | 0.38 | Small | |
| Problem-solving | WCST NPE | 37.90 (20.99) | 33.46 (16.17) | 1.43 | 0.154 | – | None |
| Non-verbal cognitive flexibility | TMT RF | 50.48 (18.41) | 43.72 (17.83) | 2.27 | 0.025 | 0.38 | Small |
| Verbal cognitive flexibility | VFT P | 60.88 (19.98) | 63.16 (17.42) | -0.74 | 0.461 | – | None |
| Cognitive inhibition | SCWT RI | 44.57 (17.18) | 42.28 (13.91) | -0.88 | 0.382 | – | None |
| Motor inhibition | GNG NGE | 29.56 (24.83) | 30.02 (22.14) | -0.12 | 0.905 | – | None |
WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; PR, Perseverative Responses; PE, Perseverative Errors; NPE, Non-perseverative Errors; TMT, Trail Making Test: RF, Relative Flexibility [(time B-A/time B-A/time A) × 100]; VFT P, Phonemic Verbal Fluency Test; SCWT, Stroop Color and Word Test; RI, Relative Inhibition [(time incongruent-congruent/time congruent) × 100]; GNG NGE, Go/No Go Task, No Go Errors.