Table 6.
Stepwise multivariate logistic regression (backward elimination) analyses the association between underlying risk factors and O. viverrini, S. mekongi and STH infections among study participants on both islands (Done Khon and Done Som islands (n = 994)
| Characteristics | O. viverrini | S. mekongi | Soil-transmitted helminth | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR
(95% CI) |
P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value | Crude OR
(95% CI) |
P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value | Crude OR
(95% CI) |
P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| ≤ 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 10–16 | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 0.022 | 0.1 (< 0.1–0.4) | 0.003 | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) | 0.075 | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) | 0.047 | 2.7 (1.8–4.0) | < 0.001 | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) | 0.015 |
| 17–36 | 3.3 (2.2–4.9) | < 0.001 | NS | NS | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.005 | 0.2 (< 0.1–0.8) | 0.022 | 1.9 (1.3–2.9) | 0.001 | NS | NS |
| 37–50 | 4.3 (2.8–6.4) | < 0.001 | NS | NS | 0.5 (0.4–0.9) | 0.006 | 0.2 (< 0.1–0.8) | 0.021 | 2.2 (1.5–3.2) | < 0.001 | NS | NS |
| ≥ 51 | 4.2 (2.7–6.4) | < 0.001 | NS | NS | 0.5 (0.4–0.9) | 0.011 | 0.2 (< 0.1–0.8) | 0.024 | 2.4 (1.6–3.6) | < 0.001 | NS | NS |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male/Female | 1/1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.579 | NA | NA | 1/0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.401 | NA | NA | 1/0.5 (0.4–0.6) | < 0.001 | 1/0.4 (0.3–0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Educational level | ||||||||||||
| Preschooler | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Illiteracy | 6.0 (3.3–11.0) | < 0.001 | 9.4 (1.3–68.9) | 0.028 | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 0.131 | NS | NS | 4.0 (2.2–7.2) | < 0.001 | 7.4 (3.2–17.3) | < 0.001 |
| Primary school | 4.0 (2.5–6.2) | < 0.001 | NS | NS | 0.7 (0.3–1.2) | 0.140 | NS | NS | 2.9 (1.8–4.6) | < 0.001 | 4.8 (2.0–11.3) | < 0.001 |
| High school/above | 2.7 (1.7–4.3) | < 0.001 | NS | NS | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) | 0.101 | NS | NS | 2.8 (1.7–4.6) | < 0.001 | NS | NS |
| Occupation | ||||||||||||
| Preschool child | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Student | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.377 | NA | NA | 1.5 (1.0–1.9) | 0.034 | NS | NS | 1.9 (1.2–2.8) | 0.003 | NS | NS |
| Farmer | 3.1 (2.1–4.6) | < 0.001 | NS | NS | 2.0 (1.0–2.6) | 0.017 | NS | NS | 1.8 (1.3–2.7) | 0.002 | NS | NS |
| Socio - economic status | ||||||||||||
| Least poor | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Less poor | 2.4 (1.3–4.7) | 0.007 | 6.5 (1.2–37.5) | 0.037 | 1.5 (0.9–2.3) | 0.321 | NA | NA | 1.5 (1.0–2.2) | 0.041 | NS | NS |
| Poor | 2.2 (1.1–4.2) | 0.018 | NS | NS | 1.9 (1.1–2.9) | 0.082 | NS | NS | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.340 | NA | NA |
| Very poor | 1.5 (0.8–2.9) | 0.213 | NS | NS | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.816 | NA | NA | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.395 | NA | NA |
| Most poor | 3.7 (2.0–7.0) | < 0.001 | NS | NS | 0.9 (0.6–1.6) | 0.753 | NA | NA | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 0.209 | NA | NA |
| Latrine available | ||||||||||||
| No/Yes | 1/0.4 (0.3–0.7) | < 0.001 | 1/0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.001 | 1/0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.148 | NA | NA | 1/0.6 (0.5–0.8) | < 0.001 | 1/0.6 (0.4–0.8) | < 0.001 |
| Has ever heard about diseases | ||||||||||||
| No/Yes | 1/1.5 (0.9–2.3) | 0.090 | NS | NS | 1/0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.154 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Known about transmission route | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| No/Yes | 1/1.8 (1.0–3.2) | 0.041 | NS | NS | 1/0.8 (0.5–1.5) | 0.660 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Open defecation this year | ||||||||||||
| No/Yes | 1/1.8 (1.4–2.3) | < 0.001 | NS | NS | 1/1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.482 | NA | NA | 1/1.6 (1.2–2.1) | < 0.001 | NS | NS |
| Water contact for fishing/farming | ||||||||||||
| No/Yes | 1/1.5 (1.0–2.1) | 0.038 | NS | NS | 1/0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.730 | NA | NA | 1/1.6 (1.2–2.3) | < 0.005 | NS | NS |
| Eating raw/undercooked fish | ||||||||||||
| No/Yes | 1/4.3 (2.6–6.9) | < 0.001 | NS | NS | 1/0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.004 | NS | NS | 1/0.8(0.5–3.2) | 0.872 | NS | NS |
| Raising cats at home | ||||||||||||
| No/Yes | 1/1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.959 | NA | NA | 1/0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.542 | NA | NA | 1/1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.094 | NS | NS |
| Raising dogs at home | ||||||||||||
| No/Yes | 1/0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.397 | NA | NA | 1/0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 0.343 | NA | NA | 1/1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 0.132 | NS | NS |
| Raising pigs at home | ||||||||||||
| No/Yes | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 0.398 | NA | NA | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.336 | NA | NA | 1/1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.132 | 1/1.3 (1.1–1.7) | 0.047 |
| Raising buffaloes at home | ||||||||||||
| No/Yes | 1/1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 0.394 | NA | NA | 1/1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 0.133 | NS | NS | 1/1.1 (0.8–1.2) | 0.845 | NA | NA |
| Observed dog/cat eat raw/undercooked fish | ||||||||||||
| No/Yes | 1/1.3 (0.9–1.6) | 0.059 | 1/1.9 (1.2–3.1) | 0.007 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1/1.3 (0.8–1.7) | 0.169 | NA | NA |
NA Not appropriate for analysis (all variables with P-value ≥15% and are removed by model), NS Not significant (all variables with P-value <15%, but are not significant after adjusted analysis