Table 1. Descriptive statistics.
| Characteristic | Endoscopic ( n = 15) | Open/Free flap ( n = 19) | Open/Non-free Flap ( n = 72) | p -Value a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median age in years (range) | 53 (25–73) | 56 (23–76) | 57 (23–90) | 0.62 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 9 (60) | 11 (58) | 41 (57) | 0.88 |
| Female | 6 (40) | 8 (42) | 31 (43) | |
| CCI (mean ± SE) | 0.27 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.72 ± 0.4 | 0.04 |
| Histopathology | ||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 5 (33) | 4 (21) | 20 (28) | 0.73 |
| Olfactory neuroblastoma | 5 (33) | 2 (11) | 17 (24) | |
| Adenocarcinoma | 2 (13) | 5 (26) | 11 (15) | |
| Malignant melanoma | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 8 (11) | |
| Adenoid cystic carcinoma | 1 (7) | 3 (16) | 4 (6) | |
| Mucoepidermoid carcinoma | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 3 (4) | |
| Other b | 2 (13) | 3 (16) | 9 (13) | |
| Recurrent | 14 (93) | 7 (37) | 12 (17) | 0.06 |
| Involvement | ||||
| Orbit | 3 (20) | 8 (42) | 8 (11) | <0.01 |
| Dural | 6 (40) | 5 (26) | 19 (26) | 0.55 |
| Brain | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 4 (6) | 0.65 |
| Palate | 0 (0) | 5 (26) | 7 (10) | 0.06 |
| Radiotherapy | 13 (87) | 16 (84) | 56 (78) | 0.65 |
| Chemotherapy | 5 (33) | 2 (11) | 8 (11) | 0.07 |
| Reconstruction | ||||
| Local | 3 (20) | 0 (0) | 7 (10) | 0.14 |
| Regional | 1 (7) | 4 (21) | 23 (32) | 0.11 |
| Free flap | 0 (0) | 19 (100) | 0 (0) | – |
| Neck dissection | 0 (0) | 6 (32) | 7 (10) | – |
| Orbital exenteration | 0 (0) | 6 (32) | 0 (0) | – |
Abbreviations: CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; SE, standard error.
a
p -Value: Comparison to endoscopic group.
b
Other histopathologies include hemangiopericytoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC), transitional cell papilloma, adult T-cell lymphoma, chondrosarcoma, mucosal lentiginous melanoma, myofibroblastic sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and plasmacytoma.