Table 1. Risk factors for artificial urinary sphincter failure.

Patient dependent

Age

Insufficient manual dexterity

Mental inaptitude and/or motivation

Higher ASA-classification

Perioperative anticoagulative therapy

Diabetes mellitus

Coronary artery disease, hypertension

Hypogonadal state

Neurogenic bladder dysfunction

Non-compliant or low capacity bladder

Recurrent urinary tract infections

Radiation therapy

Prior surgery for SUI

Additional procedure during SUI surgery

Prior urethral surgery (e.g., urethroplasty)

Urethral atrophy

Compromised/frail urethra

History of urethral stent (UroLume®)

Iatrogenic factors (improper urethral catheterization and endoscopic manipulation with an active AMS800®)

Lack of education of non-urological staff

Surgeon dependent

Inadequate patient selection

Deficient training and experience

Lack of meticulous and sterile surgical technique

Low-volume center surgeon

Deficient preoperative preparation

Long operative time

Device dependent

Non-mechanical

Urinary retention

Erosion

3.5 cm cuff (in high risk settings)

Tandem cuff

Erroneous cuff sizing (too large, too small)

Inadvertent device deactivation

Mechanical

System fluid leak

Insufficient reservoir pressure

Pump malfunction

ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; SUI, stress urinary incontinence.