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. 2017 Aug 31;4:137. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00137

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Copyright © 2017 De Re, Magris and Cannizzaro.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gluten-specific CD4⁺ T-cells of patients affected by Celiac disease show an high production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and a low production of Bach2. CD4⁺ T-cells proliferate and differentiate into various subtypes in response to antigen (Ag) stimulation and their microenvironment. IFN-γ is known to promote the differentiation of T-helper 1 (TH1) cells, inhibit the TH2 immune response and Treg survival, and activate the phagocytosis of macrophages, B-cell immunoglobulin class switching, and presentation of major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). Bach2 expression is crucial for the development of Treg and for the germinal center formation, somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination of immunoglobulins in B-cells; thus is an important key regulator in the maintenance of immune homeostasis.

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