Table 3.

Cytokines and arterial stiffness.

Study population	Findings	Reference
34 women with preeclampsia and 61 women with normal pregnancies	Despite increased circulating levels of systemic and vascular inflammatory markers, such as soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1, monocyte chemoattractant peptide 1 pentraxin 3, and soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 in preeclamptic pregnancies, they are not associated with proximal aortic stiffness and effective arterial elastance	Estensen et al. (79)
53 patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) and 55 control subjects	Higher mean pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation indices were obtained in patients with seronegative SpA compared to controls. Mean plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and TNFα were higher in subjects with elevated PWV. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association elevated PWV and plasma levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α	Tuttolomondo et al. (83)
69 healthy volunteers, 70 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients stage 3–4, 85 CKD stage 5	IL-12 and IL-18 were found to be elevated during the earlier stages of CKD but could NOT be associated with arterial stiffness	Yong et al. (85)
563 men, aged 64–76 years	Pulse wave propagation time of the brachial artery was independently associated with IL-18	Troseid et al. (86)