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. 2017 Sep 4;7:10386. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11277-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Principle of the proposed motion correction algorithm for RSOM. (a) Schematic of the detector-illumination unit, which is raster-scanned over the region of interest at a step size of Δ to give final dimensions l_fs × l_ss. The detector features a cone-shaped sensitivity field (red/yellow). (b) Schematic illustrating how movement (black arrows) during RSOM scanning causes discontinuities in the surface of the epidermal layer as well as disruption of vessels. (c) B-scan of healthy human skin along the fs-axis, showing no discontinuities between subsequent positions. (d) B-scan of the sample in panel c along the ss-axis, showing large motion-induced artifacts. (e) B-scan of healthy human palm (left panel) after segmentation and surface detection were applied (right panel). The stratum corneum is separated clearly from the dermal papillae. (f) B-scan of healthy lower arm (left panel) with segmentation and surface detection applied (right panel). Segmentation was performed using only the low-frequency optoacoustic signal 600 µm below the skin surface (red arrow). The red curve indicates the maximum value of the low-frequency band. (g) Multispectral vertical MAP of healthy lower arm reconstructed without bandpass filtering. The low-frequency signal (2) shows the spectral signature of melanin and follows the shape of the epidermal layer (1). Scale bar, 250 µm. Abbreviations: d: depth; fs: fast-scanning; Hb, deoxyhemoglobin; HbO₂, oxyhemoglobin; ss, slow-scanning.