Table 1.
Unadjusted Descriptive Statistics for Analytic Sample of Older Medicare Community‐Dwelling Fee‐for‐Service Beneficiaries, 2007–2009
| Overall Sample, %/Mean (SD) (n = 5,497) | FRI Cohort, %/Mean (SD) (n = 228) | Non‐FRI Cohort, %/Mean (SD) (n = 5,269) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Expenditures ($) | |||
| Preindexa | 7,801 (14,682) | 11,575 (18960) | 7,638 (14,448) |
| Postindexa | 10,091 (19,826) | 23,151 (25,977) | 9,515 (19,321) |
| Changea | 2,271 (19,770) | 13,857 (25,224) | 1,908 (19,467) |
| Persistently high expenditures (%)a | 11 | 25 | 11 |
| Agea | 76 (7) | 78 (7) | 76 (7) |
| Male (%)a | 42 | 32 | 42 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | |||
| White | 82 | 86 | 82 |
| African American | 11 | 7 | 11 |
| Hispanic | 4 | 3 | 4 |
| Other | 3 | 4 | 3 |
| Education (%) | |||
| <High school | 22 | 23 | 22 |
| High school | 37 | 36 | 37 |
| Some college | 20 | 15 | 20 |
| College | 21 | 26 | 20 |
| Income ($1,000) | 55 (110) | 54 (73) | 55 (111) |
| Wealth ($1,000) | 563 (1,307) | 634 (1,200) | 559 (1,312) |
| Eyesight (1–6) | 3 (1) | 3 (1) | 3 (1) |
| Hearing (1–5) | 3 (1) | 3 (1) | 3 (1) |
| Cognitive impairment (%) | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| Number of functional limitations (0–12)a | 4 (3) | 6 (3) | 4 (3) |
| Number of chronic conditions (0–6)a | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) |
| Psychiatric medication (%) | 9 | 12 | 9 |
| Disability (%) | 12 | 13 | 12 |
| Medicaid (%) | 9 | 8 | 9 |
| Area wage index | 0.96 (0.15) | 0.96 (0.16) | 0.96 (0.15) |
| Physicians/10,000 older adults | 188 (141) | 181 (133) | 188 (141) |