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. 2017 Sep 4;7:10402. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11032-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Electrical modulation of a cardiomyocyte. (a) Brightfield microscopy image of a neonatal cardiomyocyte showing the two microwires positioned for modulation (3.0 μm diameter, 11 µm long). In this image, the working electrode is on the right. (b) Cell contractions are recorded by tracking the displacement of a region of the cell in response to an applied voltage (red, ± 1 V biphasic pulse, 1 ms, 1 Hz). This example is representative of experiments with 40 distinct cardiomyocytes.