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. 2017 Sep 4;7:10328. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09675-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Ang ІІ is increased in patients with atrial fibrillation. (A) The concentration of Ang ІІ in plasma samples from patients with PSVT (n = 6), DCCV (n = 11), and post-DCCV (n = 11). (B) Total mRNA was extracted from 50 μL of plasma samples from patients with PSVT (n = 6), DCCV (n = 11), and post-DCCV (n = 11), and quantitative RT-PCR analysis was performed with specific human primers targeted to TNFα and β-actin. β-actin was used as an endogenous control. (C) Total mRNA was extracted from 50 μL of plasma samples from patients with PSVT (n = 6), DCCV (n = 11), and post-DCCV (n = 11), and quantitative RT-PCR analysis was performed with specific human primers targeted to TGF-β1 and β-actin. β-actin was used as an endogenous control. (D) HL-1 cells were stimulated the indicated doses of Ang ІІ for 24 h. Cell lysates were analysed by western blot analysis using with antibody against TGF-β1. Levels of β-actin was used as control. (E) Schematic representation of the signalling pathway underlying atrial fibrillation. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with the untreated cells. Results are from three independent experiments.