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. 2017 Sep 4;7:10316. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10679-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Glial activation in the perilesional area at 3 months after collagenase injection. (a–d) The coronal sections showing localization of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the VPL of both the collagenase-injected (a,c) and contralateral hemispheres (b,d). (a) There existed Iba-1-positive cells with characteristic shapes of activated microglia, i.e., enlarged cells with thickening of proximal processes and reduced ramification of distal branches (arrows), in the perilesional area (the left side of the dotted line). (b) No activated microglia was detected in the VPL of the contralateral hemisphere. (c,d) GFAP-positive cells with characteristic shapes of activated astrocytes, i.e., enlarged cells with thickening of proximal processes were observed in the perilesional area (allows in c), but not observed in the contralateral hemisphere (d). Scale bar: 100 μm. (e–g) Immunoreactivities of Iba-1 (e), GFAP (f) and NeuN immunoreactivity (g) in the perilesional area are shown as a function of distance from the border of the lesional area. The optical density (OD) of immunoreactivity was normalized to the values obtained from the VPL of the contra-lesional hemisphere and those in the corresponding VPL of normal intact macaques. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 (Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA followed by Dunn’s post hoc test).