Table 3. Descriptive characteristics of the available pharmaco-epidemiological studies evaluating the impact of testosterone treatment on forthcoming overall mortality or myocardial infarction.

Study	Age (y)a	Number (case/control)	Follow-up (wk)	Diagnosis of hypogonadism	Study design	Adjusted overall mortality	Adjusted acute mycardial infarction
Shores et al (2012) [38]	62.1	398/633	81	TT <250 ng/dL (8.7 nmol/L)	T treatment vs. no treatment	↓	NA
Finkle et al (2014) [35]	54.3	55,593/141,031	140	NA	TTh prescription vs. PDE5i prescription	NA	↑
Muraleedharan et al (2013) [39]	45~59		16.5	TT <300 ng/dL (10.4 nmol/L)	T treatment vs. no treatment	↓	NA
Vigen et al (2013) [34]	63.4	1,223/7,486	110	TT <300 ng/dL (10.4 nmol/L)	T treatment vs. no treatment	↑b	↑b
Baillargeon et al (2014) [40]	≥66	6,355/19,065	182	NA	TTh prescription vs. no TTh prescription	NA	↔
Eisenberg et al (2015) [41]	54.4	284/225	520	NA	TTh prescription vs. no TTh prescription	↔	NA
Etminan et al (2015) [42]	70.4	30.066/120.264	145	NA	TTh prescription vs. no TTh prescription	NA	↔
Ramasamy et al (2015) [43]	74.3	153/64	191	TT <300 ng/dL (10.4 nmol/L)	T treatment vs. no treatment	↔	NA
Sharma et al (2015) [44]	66.2	60.632/21.380	304	TT lower than the local laboratory reference range	T treatment vs. no treatment	↓c	↓c
Tan et al (2015) [45]	20~86	19.968/821.725	72	TT <350 ng/dL (12.0 nmol/L)	TTh prescription vs. no TTh prescription	NA	↓
Maggi et al (2016) [46]	59.1	759/249	156	TT lower than the local laboratory reference range	T treatment vs. no treatment	↔	↔
Wallis et al (2016) [47]	≥65	10.311/28.029	260	NA	TTh prescription vs. no TTh prescription	↓	NA
Cheetham et al (2017) [48]	58.4	8,808/35,527	158 (median)	Mixed hypogonadanal and eugonaladl subjcts	T treatment vs. no treatment	↓d	↓d

TT: total testosterone, NA: not available, T: testosterone, TTh: testosterone therapy, PDE5i: phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, ↓: reduced risk, ↑: increased risk, ↔: unchanged risk.

^aValues are presented as mean only or mean range

^bComposite of all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke.

^cComposite cardiac events= myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, unstable angina, and sudden cardiac death.

^dNormalized treated vs. untreated.